Actovegin: Therapeutic Power in Modern Medicine

Actovegin, a unique calf blood extract, is distinguished by its ability to increase the efficiency of our cells' oxygen utilisation and better assimilation of nutrients. This process naturally increases blood flow to our brain. Why is this important? Because increased blood flow means that our brain receives more energy, which can improve our memory.

Actovegin is produced from calf's blood by a special filtering process that captures small beneficial chemical compounds. It contains ingredients smaller than 5,000 Da. People use actovegin for a variety of brain-related problems, such as memory deficits, injuries and even complications from diabetes.

But how exactly does actovegin work? At its core, it works by stimulating our cells to use and produce energy more efficiently. It also helps our brain to absorb glucose, a key source of energy, more efficiently. This unique ability has sparked discussion about its potential impact on overall performance.

The standout ingredient in actovegin is inositol-phosphoryl-oligosaccharides (IFOs). These ingredients play a key role in the transport of glucose into our brains. In addition, they can penetrate the protective barrier around our brain and stimulate important enzymes responsible for glucose processing.

In this article we will discuss actovegin in detail, seeking to reveal its benefits, uses and the scientific basis that makes it so effective.

Health benefits of actovegin supported by medical studies

Research has investigated the potential of actovegin in the management and prevention of various medical conditions. The following health effects are reported in various clinical trials and scientific studies.

Actovegin for Diabetes Patients

Actovegin appears to have many benefits for patients with diabetes, from improving insulin response to aiding recovery from serious illness and even potentially preventing nerve damage.

Actovegin offers a glimmer of hope for patients with diabetes, and recent studies have explored its potential benefits. One significant study involving 567 patients with diabetes examined the effects of actovegin on nerve pain. For 160 days, patients received treatment in the form of drips, followed by tablets. The results were promising: those treated with actovegin reported a reduction in nerve pain, increased foot sensitivity and an overall improvement in wellbeing, all without significant side effects [1]. Further studies cemented actovegin's reputation as a potential breakthrough in the treatment of nerve pain in diabetics. For six months, patients with diabetes were given either actovegin or a placebo. The results showed a clear advantage for those taking actovegin, with marked improvements in pain relief. However, it was noted that patients taking certain blood pressure medications may not experience as much benefit [2].

In addition to nerve pain relief, actovegin has shown potential in another key aspect of diabetes - blood sugar control. In a separate study with 40 participants (half of whom were diabetic), actovegin was administered for 14 days. Amazingly, the diabetic patients showed improved blood sugar control without any change in insulin levels [3].

Additionally, one study investigated the role of actovegin in wound care in diabetics. A cream containing human epidermal growth factor, combined with actovegin, was tested on diabetic foot ulcers in a group of 61 patients. Those who used the cream with the higher concentration of growth factor experienced up to 95% healing rate in just 12 weeks, highlighting the potential of actovegin to accelerate healing of foot ulcers in diabetics [4].

Improving insulin sensitivity in type II diabetes: actovegin, produced from calf's blood, was studied for its effect on improving our body's response to insulin in people with type II diabetes. When administered as daily drips (actovegin 2000 pro infusions, 500 ml per day) for 10 days, the treatment increased the body's sugar utilisation by as much as 80% without changing insulin levels. Although we do not fully understand how this works, there is speculation that actovegin may provide special compounds (called IPOs) that can help cells better assimilate sugar [5].

Accelerating recovery from ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes: ketoacidosis is a serious condition in which the body's blood becomes too acidic. When actovegin was used together with another drug called reamberin, it helped patients return to consciousness and thinking faster. In fact, with this combination, people regained consciousness in just about 19.2 hours. What's more, they had better thinking skills that lasted up to 28 days after their crisis [6].

Help with diabetic neuropathy: Around a third of diabetics suffer from nerve damage called neuropathy. In a study on rats with diabetic symptoms, actovegin improved nerve function and even reduced damage. It particularly helped when given in higher doses, and perhaps acts by calming harmful reactions in nerve cells [7].

Treatment of leg problems and diabetic foot complaints: In a study involving 200 patients with blood flow problems in the legs and diabetic foot disease, actovegin showed promising results. Some patients received actovegin before surgery, such as angioplasty, while others had it as their main treatment. In both cases, it worked well and was cost-effective. Depending on the severity of the condition, patients received different doses, either as injections or as tablets [8].

Based on these results, actovegin presents a promising pathway for the treatment and management of diabetes and its associated complications. Its multifaceted benefits include increasing insulin sensitivity in type II diabetics, aiding recovery from diabetic crises and reducing nerve damage. These results highlight the potential of actovegin as a versatile therapeutic agent in the spectrum of diabetes care.

Actovegin in ulcer care

Actovegin shows a potential role in ulcer management, especially for those with complicating factors such as ischaemic heart disease or diabetes. A study involving 194 patients found that those who were treated with actovegin experienced faster ulcer healing and also enjoyed longer recurrence-free periods [9]. This suggests that actovegin could be a beneficial treatment option in both inpatient and outpatient settings.

Effect of actovegin on gastroduodenal ulcers: In a separate study on refractory gastroduodenal ulcers (located in the stomach and initial part of the small intestine), the combination of actovegin with a technique called intraluminal laser blood irradiation (ILBI) showed particularly promising results. Patients undergoing this combined treatment experienced noticeable pain relief, reduced inflammation and improved gastric mucosal health.

Additionally, beneficial changes in gastric mucus composition have been noted, suggesting increased healing and metabolic activity of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. It appears that this combination not only aids in the physical healing process, but may also bring balance to certain regulatory substances in the body, providing effective treatment for refractory ulcers [10].

Benefits of actovegin for brain and nervous system health:

Actovegin is a substance derived from calf blood and shows significant potential for supporting and improving brain and nervous system health, especially in cases of chronic brain anaemia and age-related memory impairment.

Enhancing Thinking Ability after Stroke: After a stroke, returning to normal mental functioning can be a challenge. A study on older people who had recently experienced a stroke showed that actovegin could be a solution. Participants in the study were treated with actovegin, initially through an intravenous (IV) drip and then in pill form, for six months. The results revealed that those taking actovegin noticeably improved their performance on cognitive tests compared to the placebo group [11].

Promising Results for Brain Health in Older People: Older people, especially those with brain problems affecting memory and attention, may benefit from actovegin. In a study of 60 such individuals, those who took actovegin experienced significant improvements in mental performance. Importantly, 70% of those treated with actovegin felt significantly better, compared to only 35% in the placebo group [12].

Improving Memory and Reducing Thinking Problems: Ageing sometimes brings early signs of memory and thinking problems. In one study, actovegin was given as daily injections to older people showing early signs of such problems. Results showed faster thinking, fewer memory problems and fewer feelings of sadness or fatigue [13].

Improving Overall Wellbeing in Older People: For seniors, especially those with heart or brain-related health problems, actovegin pills may offer potential health benefits. When given to 70 elderly patients for six weeks, many reported improvements in memory, energy levels, sleep quality and overall strength [14].

Protection of Neurons and Reduction of Cell Damage: At the cellular level, actovegin also demonstrated its power. In a study on rat neurons (cells crucial for brain function), exposure to actovegin increased cell numbers and connections. Furthermore, it showed properties to reduce potential cellular damage and act against harmful oxidative agents [15].

Support of the Antioxidant Brain System: In an experiment on rats with chronic cerebral anaemia, administration of actovegin (5 ml/kg) played a key role in restoring the brain's antioxidant system. This included normalisation of glutathione levels, restoration of the activity of a protective enzyme called superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduction of harmful malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations [16].

Improved Cognitive Function and Blood Flow: In a human study focusing on people with chronic cerebrovascular pathologies, up to 81% patients treated with actovegin showed improvements in overall health and symptoms. Actovegin showed benefits in improving cognitive function, and results varied according to dose [17].

Supporting Brain Activity and Cognitive Function: For older people, actovegin has been shown to be particularly beneficial for brain activity and cognitive function. In a placebo-controlled study involving people with a mean age of 65 years, actovegin increased alpha and beta brain activity, indicating improvements in brain function and attention [18].

Improving Memory Disorders: Older adults with memory problems may find comfort in the potential benefits of actovegin. Studies indicate that actovegin produces positive changes in brain activity, particularly in regions associated with memory and attention [19].

Support in Ageing Associated with Memory Impairment: In another study targeting patients with ageing associated with memory impairment, actovegin improved and supported cognitive performance. Patients taking actovegin experienced a noticeable increase in brain activity, particularly in the parietal cortex, which is important because reduced activity in this region is often observed in patients with dementia [20].

Based on these findings, actovegin appears to have a number of beneficial effects on brain and nervous system health, offering hope for those with ischaemic disease, memory impairment and other cerebrovascular problems.

Brain Injury Treatment Aid: A study of 68 brain injury patients showed that those who received actovegin (32 out of 68) experienced accelerated recovery. actovegin, administered as an IV of 400 mg per 200 ml mixed with a stock solution for 10 days, accelerated the recovery of lost brain function, reducing overall healing time. Additionally, these patients experienced significant relief of fatigue symptoms and showed improvement in EEG studies, suggesting improved brain activity [21].

Improvement in Chronic Brain Anaemia: Chronic cerebral anaemia can cause energy deficits in the brain, especially in stages I-II, often associated with hypertension or cerebral atherosclerosis. A study comparing actovegin and Mexidol showed that patients treated with both drugs had fewer clinical symptoms associated with the disease, improved cognitive brain function and a significant reduction in subjective symptoms of the disease. It is worth noting, however, that Mexidol had a unique advantage in addressing metabolic energy deficits [22].

Alleviating Cognitive Impairment in COVID-19: actovegin appears promising for treating the endothelial dysfunction seen in patients with COVID-19, which can lead to multiple organ failure and increase the risk of cognitive impairment. Actovegin not only enhances endothelial function and microcirculation, but also shows potential benefits in improving cognitive function, making it a potentially effective therapeutic option for patients with neurological or cognitive impairment caused by COVID-19 [23].

Increasing Cognitive Resources in Association with Age-Related Memory Impairment: A study evaluating the effects of actovegin on event-related potentials associated with cognitive function in patients with age-related memory impairment showed significant results. Patients receiving actovegin showed an increase in P300 amplitude, suggesting increased cognitive processing resources. This increase of up to 4.8 microV, especially in the central and parietal brain regions, was significant and indicates that actovegin may benefit certain aspects of cognitive function in patients with age-related memory problems [24].

Role in Ischaemic Stroke Treatment: Ischaemic stroke can dramatically affect neurological and cognitive function. In a study comparing the effects of actovegin and piracetam on patients with mild to moderate ischaemic stroke, actovegin showed a clear advantage. Patients treated with actovegin experienced significant improvements in general brain symptoms and specific neurological signs. At the end of the treatment period, recovery rates, both in terms of total ischaemic scores and cognitive function, were significantly higher in the actovegin-treated group, making it a powerful choice for the treatment of ischaemic stroke in its acute phase [25].

Protection from Hypoxia: A study involving 12 healthy young men investigated how actovegin affects the brain during hypoxia, a condition characterised by low oxygen levels. The drug is designed to increase the transport of glucose and oxygen into cells. When participants were exposed to hypoxic conditions, measurements showed that certain signals in the brain, known as VEP-P2 and ERG-b-wave, tended to decrease. However, with actovegin treatment, these decreases were corrected, suggesting that the drug may protect central neuronal and perhaps even glial structures from the effects of hypoxia. Furthermore, the infusion method, which introduces a higher dose of actovegin, has been shown to be more effective against the effects of hypoxia [26].

Enhancement of Learning and Memory Processes after Ischaemia: In an experiment on rats that experienced cerebral ischaemia, actovegin showed neuroprotective effects. The drug was administered to these rats and their learning and memory abilities were assessed using the Morris water maze test. The results were promising: rats treated with actovegin showed faster learning and better memory retention. Furthermore, microscopic examination of their brains showed that there was greater cell survival in a key region associated with memory, called the hippocampal CA1 region [27].

Improved Lipid Profile in Hypertensive Patients: In patients with chronic cerebral anaemia and hypertension, actovegin, in combination with ceretone, effectively corrected abnormalities in the lipid profile, which is crucial for erythrocyte membrane stability and structure. This combination therapy significantly outperformed other drug combinations [28].

Increased Cerebral Blood Flow in Metabolic Syndrome: A study on patients suffering from metabolic syndrome showed that combining actovegin with the drug bisoprolol significantly increases cerebral blood flow, even more than with bisoprolol alone. Increased blood flow to the brain is crucial for its proper functioning and health [29].

Promising Treatment for Cerebral Circulatory Failure: In patients showing early signs of cerebral circulation problems, actovegin, in combination with Corinfar, showed significant improvement. The combination therapy appeared to normalise most parameters related to microcirculation and blood rheology, suggesting its potential as a treatment option for patients with cerebral circulation problems [30].

This research supports the potential of actovegin to protect brain health and improve cerebral circulation.

Treatment of dyssyrrhagic encephalopathy in hypertension: In a study involving 56 patients with a diagnosis of dyssyrrculatory encephalopathy due to hypertension, treatment with both actovegin and Captopril resulted in positive clinical outcomes. The results strongly suggest a potential benefit of using actovegin in combination with Captopril to treat such conditions [31].

Improving microcirculation in the limbs: Distal lower limb occlusion is a serious medical problem. In a study involving 60 patients with critical limb ischaemia, those treated with actovegin experienced a significant 35 per cent improvement in skin perfusion by day 15. Furthermore, there was a 12.8 per cent increase in microcirculation, which increased tissue oxygenation. This shows that actovegin may play a key role in improving blood flow in patients with distal limb occlusion [32].

Comparison with solcoseril: In a study to compare the effects of actovegin and solcoseril on the microcirculation in the lower ischaemic limbs, it was found that both treatments had a positive effect on the formation of new capillaries. However, actovegin stood out in particular, showing better results in improving microcirculatory dynamics and promoting a denser capillary network [33].

Supporting recovery after stroke: In a study involving 104 patients with acute ischaemic carotid artery stroke, those who received 250 ml of actovegin daily showed significant improvements in neurological progress and functional recovery by day 30, compared to the control group. The level of statistical significance was recorded as p < 0.005. This indicates that actovegin has the potential to significantly enhance post-stroke recovery without causing negative side effects [34].

Reduced risk of stroke in patients with chronic cerebral anaemia: Patients with chronic cerebral anaemia are at risk of experiencing a stroke within 10 years. A study involving 54 patients highlighted that those with vertebrobasilar anaemia are at particular risk. However, actovegin showed impressive therapeutic effects on autonomic nervous systems. The study further revealed actovegin's ability to affect blood vessel walls through various pathways, which in turn showed promising hypotensive effects. This suggests that actovegin may reduce the long-term risk of stroke in such patients [35].

Based on these results, actovegin presents itself as a versatile drug with potential benefits in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions, from improving microcirculation in the limbs, to supporting post-stroke recovery, to reducing long-term stroke risk.

Neuroprotective properties after ischaemic stroke: A study in rats showed that after experiencing an ischaemic stroke, a dose of decongested calf serum (actovegin/Solcoseryl) significantly reduced the neurological damage and volume of the affected brain within 24 hours. This is particularly striking compared to rats that did not receive this treatment (with statistical significance p < 0.0005). The serum acts by counteracting the negative effects of hypoxia-glucose on nerve cells, reducing harmful forms of reactive oxygen species and preventing cell death. The result is less cell damage and better survival rates for these cells [36].

Improved treatment for carotid artery ischaemia: A study involving 25 patients with moderate carotid artery ischaemic stroke demonstrated the potential benefits of actovegin. In combination with other neuroprotective agents, the treatment led to noticeable improvements in patient recovery. In just 21 days, patients on this combined treatment experienced reduced neurological deficits, better overall functional recovery and reduced inflammatory indices compared to those on standard care [37].

Enhancing antidepressant treatment for the elderly: In elderly patients diagnosed with mild to moderate depression, actovegin was investigated as a potential addition to a new generation of antidepressants. The study showed that adding actovegin to standard antidepressant treatment resulted in faster and more pronounced therapeutic effects. By week 4, patients on the combined therapy showed significant reductions in depressive symptoms, improvements in cognitive function and higher rates of positive responses. This suggests that actovegin may help to accelerate recovery and potentially even reduce the length of hospital stay for older patients [38].

Best combination for chronic cerebral ischaemia: When evaluating different drug combinations for the treatment of chronic cerebral ischaemia, the combination of actovegin and Cereton proved to be the most effective, suggesting that this combination may offer optimal therapeutic outcomes [39].

Post-stroke rehabilitation: actovegin was highlighted in a large study involving 1,920 post-stroke patients. The study showed that among several drugs tailored for patients after ischaemic stroke, actovegin stood out as one of the most effective. Moreover, for patients recovering from haemorrhagic stroke, actovegin was the only drug that had a positive effect on rehabilitation [40].

Based on these results, actovegin appears to offer multiple benefits in a variety of medical scenarios, from improving recovery after stroke to enhancing the effectiveness of antidepressants in the elderly. The aforementioned studies provide significant evidence of its therapeutic potential, making it an exciting area for further research.

Recovery from post-operative stroke: Following surgery for acute abdominal conditions, some patients may develop acute cerebrovascular disorders. These disorders can range from transient ischaemic attacks, acute hypertensive encephalopathy to various types of stroke. Interestingly, as many as 86.9% of these disorders occur within the first three days after surgery. Actovegin, especially when administered within the first 24 hours after surgery, shows the potential to accelerate recovery from these neurological deficits. This treatment not only promotes faster recovery, but also helps to improve cerebral blood flow in patients who have suffered postoperative strokes [41].

Neuroprotective role in cerebral ischaemia: Cerebral ischaemia refers to a lack of blood supply to the brain, which can lead to brain damage or stroke. In experiments in rodent models that mimicked conditions of both sudden and gradual reduction in blood supply to the brain, actovegin proved beneficial. In particular, it assisted in the recovery of neurological function and reduced the negative effects of sensory, motor and cognitive impairment in rats [42].

Inhibitory effect on harmful oxygen radicals: Oxidative stress, which includes the production of harmful oxygen radicals, plays a role in many chronic diseases. Patients with heart failure may have an increase in these harmful radicals. Actovegin reduces the formation of these radicals. In some cases, even a low dose of less than 1 mg/mL was sufficient to see this inhibitory effect. Furthermore, when human neuroblastoma cells (a model for nerve cells) were exposed to hydrogen peroxide, a substance that can lead to cell death, pretreatment with actovegin noticeably reduced this cell death. It is thought that actovegin may act not only by reducing certain harmful substances, but also by neutralising the effects of other highly reactive molecules in the cells. These findings highlight the potential role of actovegin in reducing the chronic inflammation often associated with heart failure and its protective effects on the central nervous system [43].

In conclusion, actovegin presents itself as an exciting avenue for medical treatment. From promoting recovery from post-operative strokes, to playing a neuroprotective role, to counteracting harmful radicals, its therapeutic benefits, as demonstrated by various studies, make it a noteworthy agent in medical science.

Benefits of actovegin for physical health, mobility and muscle recovery

Actovegin has shown promising results in improving physical mobility, especially in patients suffering from peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and those undergoing physiotherapy.

Improvement in patients with PAD: A study involving participants from Russia, Georgia and Kazakhstan aimed to assess the efficacy of actovegin in the treatment of PAD [44]. Participants underwent an initial two-week intravenous treatment with actovegin, followed by a 10-week oral treatment. By week 12, there was an almost 29% improvement in the distance participants could walk without experiencing pain. This progression was over 35% at the end of week 24, meaning that participants could walk an additional 41 metres without discomfort. In addition, their overall walking ability increased by 36%. Furthermore, those treated with actovegin reported a better quality of life according to the SF-36 Mental Health Scale. This study also confirmed that actovegin has minimal side effects, confirming its safety [44].

Improved physiotherapy outcomes: The addition of actovegin to standard physiotherapy procedures resulted in improved mobility outcomes. In a study involving 105 patients, intravenous administration of actovegin together with baseline physiotherapy led to 12% improvement in walking ability compared with the placebo group [45]. This implies that actovegin may enhance the benefits of regular physiotherapy, offering patients improved mobility and physical independence.

Increased walking ability in patients undergoing physiotherapy: In another study, the researchers focused on 105 participants undergoing physiotherapy. Those treated with intravenous actovegin increased their walking ability by 12% more than those who received placebo, reinforcing the notion that actovegin can increase the effectiveness of physiotherapy [46]. Importantly, both groups responded well to baseline physiotherapy, indicating that actovegin is a potential enhancer and not the only treatment.

Thus, these studies indicate that actovegin has potential as an additional treatment in improving physical health, mobility and muscle recovery. For those with PAD or undergoing physiotherapy, it offers hope for increased mobility and a better quality of life.

Benefits of actovegin for Muscle Regeneration and Strengthening (in sports/athletes)

Actovegin has shown impressive results in promoting muscle recovery and stimulating cellular growth. In a study with 103 participants, those with muscle injuries received injections of actovegin directly into the injured area, at intervals of several days. The results were impressive. The recovery time for those treated with actovegin was about 5.5 weeks, almost three weeks shorter than for those who received a placebo. This means that athletes or anyone suffering from a muscle injury can get back in shape almost three weeks earlier than with traditional treatments, which could be a breakthrough for those involved in competitive sports [47].

In addition to helping with regeneration, actovegin also appears to play a key role at the cellular level. When muscle cells, specifically C2C12 myoblasts, were treated with actovegin, a significant improvement in their growth was observed. Important markers of cell growth, such as Ki67 and myosin heavy chains, increased significantly in the presence of actovegin, indicating increased proliferation of muscle cells. This study suggests that actovegin may contain components that are beneficial to muscle cells and may help them grow more efficiently [48].

Exploring actovegin's potential to enhance physical performance, another study examined its effects on human skeletal muscles. The results revealed that actovegin improved the ability of mitochondria in muscle cells to respire. It increased the ability of muscles to use oxygen for energy production. These results support the potential of actovegin as a possible performance enhancer for individuals (athletes) wishing to increase their physical abilities. Although further research is required, these results may have implications for its use in sport [49].

Furthermore, in a competitive sports environment, another study highlights the advantages of combined treatment. Actovegin combined with the homeopathic drug Tr14 can significantly accelerate muscle recovery. The combined treatment appeared to favour the expression of genes and proteins that promote muscle growth, leading to faster recovery from injury. For athletes, this can mean a faster return to the field after suffering a muscle injury [50].

Based on these results, actovegin, alone or in combination with other treatments, shows promising potential in accelerating muscle recovery, promoting cell growth and the possibility of even enhancing athletic performance. Its benefits are evident in various studies, making it a valuable component in sports medicine and rehabilitation.

Effects of actovegin on Oxygen Metabolism and Utilisation

Actovegin, mainly known for its metabolic and neuroprotective properties, has shown a significant impact on the way our body uses oxygen.

The study showed that actovegin indirectly improves the efficiency of oxygen utilisation in tissues. Specifically, it increases the amount of oxygen that red blood cells (erythrocytes) can carry [51]. This unique property allows actovegin to act as an anti-hypoxia agent, which is particularly helpful for patients experiencing acute gastric distress [51]. In another study, actovegin significantly improved the entire process of oxygen management in the body, further highlighting its ability to counteract hypoxia [52].

In pregnant women experiencing complications such as impaired umbilical cord blood flow or placental circulation leading to fetal hypoxia (insufficient oxygen supply to the fetus), actovegin in combination with 5% glucose and vitamin C showed promising results. The solution administered by drip was effective in treating fetal hypoxia in a significant number of test cases, thus preventing possible complications at birth. The role of actovegin here was mainly to modify metabolic processes and protect key areas from the negative effects of oxygen deficiency [53].

Furthermore, in an experiment with healthy volunteers, actovegin demonstrated an effect on the relationship between metabolic activities and microcirculatory processes in the skin. Significant changes were observed in several parameters, such as 98% increase in endothelial rhythm amplitude, indicating a link between metabolic processes and microhaemodynamics in the skin [54].

In stressful situations, as in the study in which the rats experienced prolonged immobilisation stress, the periodontal soft and hard tissues (parts of the gums and teeth) showed a decrease in oxygen levels and metabolism. However, the introduction of actovegin (together with Thiotriazolin) helped to offset these stress effects by maintaining oxygen balance in these tissues [55].

All of these results point to the promising potential of actovegin in a variety of medical scenarios, particularly in relation to oxygen utilisation and metabolism. Whether it's athletes in need of faster recovery, high-risk pregnancies or those experiencing acute medical problems, actovegin's ability to improve oxygen utilisation may be the solution many are looking for.

Benefits of actovegin for eye health

Actovegin has shown promising potential in improving the health of our eyes, especially in conditions related to vision problems caused by various causes.

In a study targeting older people with retinal problems caused by high blood pressure, the addition of actovegin to standard treatment for hypertension produced encouraging results. Specifically, 36% elderly participants noticed not only improvements in vision, but also increased wellbeing and quality of life [56].

In another innovative approach, the researchers investigated a new method of delivering drugs directly into the vascular system of the eye. Using this method, they administered actovegin and trental to a group of patients suffering from visual problems related to nerve damage in the eye. The results were quite impressive - the patients' visual acuity increased significantly, from low scores of 0.03-0.06 to much sharper scores of 0.3-0.8. In addition, some of the eye problems, such as central scotomas, disappeared and the axial conduction of the optic nerve bundle improved significantly [57].

Further evidence suggests that actovegin may also play a role in the treatment of a specific ocular condition known as optic nerve neuropathy in glaucoma, particularly in patients with open-angle glaucoma (POAG) occurring together with myopia. The group of participants, all with a diagnosis of POAG and high myopia, were treated with a protocol that included actovegin among other drugs. The treatment was designed to address a variety of issues, from blood flow dynamics to metabolic shifts, affecting the progression of glaucoma in people with myopia [58].

These results indicate that the benefits of actovegin for eye health are manifold and continue to be explored in a variety of contexts, from improving visual acuity in the elderly, to innovative drug delivery for increased visual acuity, to treating specific eye conditions.

Benefits of actovegin for skin health

Actovegin has also shown promising benefits for skin health.

In one study, researchers investigated how actovegin affects blood flow and metabolism in the skin. Twenty-eight volunteers were given actovegin intravenously, and then blood flow in the skin of the forearm was measured using advanced instruments, and fine blood vessels in the nail were observed. The results showed that actovegin not only improved blood flow in the skin, but also increased the overall metabolic activity of the skin cells. This means that skin cells were more active and healthier after actovegin administration. Furthermore, it was noted that it led to better vasomotion (movement of blood vessels) in different rhythms, which can be interpreted as better skin health at the micro level [59].

Another interesting aspect of actovegin's potential benefits for skin health is its radioprotective properties. Actovegin appears to provide a protective shield for skin cells when they are exposed to harmful radiation. In a specific experiment, human skin cells were exposed to a dose of X-rays, resulting in a significant decrease in cell numbers. However, when these cells were treated with actovegin, not only did a higher percentage survive the radiation, but their numbers even increased slightly. Even more impressively, using actovegin alone without radiation led to a fivefold increase in cell numbers in just six days! At the molecular level, actovegin was able to reduce the expression of a protein (EGFR) that normally increases when skin cells are exposed to radiation. This suggests that actovegin may counteract some of the damaging effects of radiation on our skin, which is an important finding given the various sources of radiation we are exposed to in today's world [60].

These results indicate that actovegin presents great promise for skin health, from improving blood flow and metabolism in skin cells to protecting against radiation damage.

Benefits of actovegin for digestive health

Actovegin is also presented in scientific studies as a means of protecting and healing the digestive system, particularly against radiation injury.

The study, conducted on Wistar rats, aimed to investigate the effects of radiation on small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells and see how actovegin could help. The researchers irradiated the abdomens of these rats and then treated some of them with different doses of actovegin. In the group exposed to radiation alone, there was a significant increase in levels of IL-2 and IL-6 - indicators of inflammation. However, the rats that received actovegin after irradiation showed significantly better health in their intestinal tissues. Specifically, the structure and thickness of their intestinal layers improved [61].

At the molecular level, actovegin played a role in reducing harmful proteins that cause cell death (apoptosis) and increasing beneficial proteins that prevent apoptosis. Essentially, actovegin has demonstrated its ability to defend intestinal cells against the negative effects of radiation, indicating its potential for treating conditions such as radiation enteritis, a radiation-induced inflammatory bowel disease [61].

In another study, researchers reported that actovegin can help recovery from radiation-induced intestinal damage. After exposure to radiation, some rats received injections of actovegin. The results were consistent with the previous study: those treated with actovegin showed significant improvements in intestinal health. The height of their intestinal villi, the depth of their crypts (small valleys in the intestines) and the overall thickness of the mucosal lining were better. Again, at the cellular level, actovegin was key in balancing proteins that control cell death, promoting intestinal cell survival and health. This study indicates the potential of actovegin to treat radiation-induced intestinal damage [62].

Other health benefits of actovegin

Actovegin has shown many promising benefits in various health studies. Here are some key findings from the scientific studies:

Enhancing neutrophil function after freezing: actovegin can renew neutrophils, a type of white blood cell crucial to the immune response. In a study comparing actovegin with bovine umbilical cord blood fraction, both agents increased the ability of neutrophils to engulf and digest harmful entities after freezing and thawing. Specifically, when exposed to 1.5 mg/ml actovegin, neutrophils showed an improvement in oxygen-related metabolism, which is crucial for their function [63].

Promotion of sperm production after clinical death in rats: male rats that experienced simulated clinical death had a significant decrease in sperm and sperm-associated cell production. However, after a dose of actovegin, the negative effects were negated. Moreover, sperm production returned to normal within 45 days after resuscitation [64].

Benefits for patients with metabolic syndrome: In a study involving patients with metabolic syndrome, a condition associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke and diabetes, a combination therapy of actovegin and pancreatic enzymes was used. The combination significantly improved small bowel function, leading to better digestion, absorption and movement of food through the gut. In addition, patients showed lower levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and other harmful factors [65].

Alleviating symptoms of post-thrombotic disease in the lower limbs: actovegin was investigated for its benefits for patients with post-thrombotic disease, a condition following deep vein thrombosis. Included in the treatment plan, patients reported numerous improvements. This includes significant reductions in ankle swelling, tingling sensation, cramping frequency, pain intensity and overall improvement in quality of life [66].

Improving outcomes for patients undergoing carotid artery surgery: Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to prevent stroke in patients with significant carotid artery blockages. A group of patients, prior to undergoing this surgery, received actovegin. This 'preconditioning' led to improved cerebral blood flow and better surgical outcomes. Furthermore, significant cognitive improvements were noted in these patients, both one week and six months after surgery [67].

Prevention of clefts in expectant mothers with a history of clefts: Between 1980 and 2005, a group of 71 women with a personal or family history of clefts received a prophylactic regimen that included both vitamin B complex and actovegin, administered twice weekly. As a result, a significant number, 80 out of the total number of births, resulted in healthy babies. The risk of having children with clefts was reduced to 2.9% for cleft lip and palate (CLP) and was 0% for cleft palate (CP), compared to previously known risks of 4.9% for CLP and 2.4% for CP [68].

Improved results of carotid artery surgery: A study on 80 patients with carotid artery problems showed that those who received a daily dose of 1200 mg actovegin for 1.5 months before surgery had better post-operative outcomes. Specifically, they had improved cerebral blood flow, which was observed both seven days and six months after surgery. This treatment also reduced the chances of asymptomatic ischaemic strokes after surgery [69].

Treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral ulcers: actovegin proved effective in the treatment of radiotherapy-induced oral ulcers in patients with cancer. Patients treated with actovegin experienced significantly less pain and had milder oral ulcers after two weeks. In addition, inflammatory markers in the blood were significantly lower than in those treated with other agents [70].

Beneficial for cancer patients undergoing combined treatments: actovegin has been studied in the context of its effects on cancer patients undergoing combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One significant side effect of such treatment is painful oral ulcers. Patients who received actovegin from the start of their treatment were significantly less likely to develop severe ulcers. Furthermore, for those who started actovegin after ulcers had developed, there were fewer progressions to severe ulcers [71].

Successful treatment of chronic limb disease: In a study focused on the treatment of chronic limb artery occlusive disease (CODLLA), 80 patients were observed. Half of them were treated with actovegin. After treatment, this group experienced a 56% increase in certain blood flow parameters, indicating improved circulation. In addition, the distance they could walk without pain increased by almost 59% [72].

The results indicate that actovegin has shown a wide range of beneficial effects in a variety of medical contexts, from preventing clefts in expectant mothers, to improving outcomes in surgery, cancer treatments and chronic limb disease.

Mechanism of action of actovegin in various medical conditions

Based on the available data, actovegin shows a complex and multifaceted mechanism of action beneficial for a wide range of medical conditions. In neurology, it shows strong neuroprotective properties. It helps with neural function, pain relief and improved cognitive function, especially in conditions such as type 1 and 2 diabetes and stroke. Laboratory experiments have shown that actovegin promotes neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity and exhibits an anti-apoptotic effect by reducing levels of activated caspase-3.

In addition, actovegin shows significant antioxidant properties. It reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and revitalises key antioxidant systems, effectively restoring metabolic balance. In particular, it normalises lactose, pyruvate and glutathione levels and renews the activity of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. These properties are particularly useful in conditions characterised by oxidative stress and inflammation, such as heart failure.

The compound also plays a role in blood sugar regulation, improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in patients with type II diabetes. This action may be related to its known effects on improving glucose and oxygen utilisation at the cellular level, crucial for conditions such as ischaemia, where tissue perfusion is limited.

Actovegin also has pronounced effects on wound healing, as it accelerates the healing of ulcers on the feet and duodenal ulcers. It increases the elasticity of erythrocytes and promotes microcirculation, thereby improving blood flow and stimulating the blood supply necessary for the healing of ulcers and ischaemic tissues. Furthermore, actovegin has shown to improve memory, concentration and attention, as demonstrated by increased alpha and beta activity in EEG studies. This is particularly useful for older patients showing signs of cognitive impairment.

In addition, actovegin has shown benefits in accelerating recovery from brain injury and stroke, probably due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In addition, the drug affects lipid profiles, improves both cerebral and peripheral circulation, affects autonomic homeostasis and enhances antidepressant treatment.

How to take actovegin: tablets and injections

actovegin is available in a variety of formulations for different therapeutic requirements. Significantly, the two main forms are tablets and injections. The tablet form provides a convenient oral dosing option, ideal for extended treatment periods or maintenance phases.

The injectable form of actovegin, on the other hand, can be administered both intravenously and intramuscularly, offering rapid action and usefulness for more acute conditions or the initial phases of treatment. These different formulations ensure that actovegin can meet the specific needs of patients in different therapeutic scenarios.

How to dose actovegin in different studies for different conditions

Actovegin, derived from calf blood, has been the subject of various studies, each investigating its potential in different medical contexts. One notable study in type II diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) evaluated the drug's efficacy in improving insulin sensitivity. In this particular study, ten patients with NIDDM received actovegin at a dose of 500 ml per day (actovegin 2,000 pro infusions) for ten days. Another study, focusing on people with chronic lower limb ischaemia and diabetic foot syndrome, evaluated the therapeutic use of actovegin both as an additional treatment for surgical interventions and as a stand-alone method. In severe cases, the drug was administered in doses of 1,000 to 2,000 mg intravenously over 10-15 sessions. Meanwhile, milder cases saw doses between 400-800 mg administered intramuscularly, followed by a switch to a tablet form for continued therapy.

A study targeting older people showing early signs of cognitive problems administered a 5 ml (200 mg) injection of actovegin daily for four weeks. In a separate study that delved into the effects of the drug on people with chronic cerebrovascular pathology and mild cognitive impairment, patients were divided into two groups based on their actovegin doses: either 1,000 mg or 160 mg daily. In the context of traumatic brain injury, another study showed a treatment protocol in which actovegin was administered as a drip, at exactly 400 mg per 200 ml mixed with a standard solution, and treatment continued for 10 days. Finally, in a study of acute carotid ischaemic stroke, patients in one study arm were treated with 250 ml of actovegin daily. These varying doses highlight the diverse uses and therapeutic ranges of actovegin in various medical conditions.

Different doses in different studies for different conditions

• Post-thrombotic disease of the lower limbs:

Dose: intravenous 1200 mg dissolved in saline initially, followed by an oral dose of 1200 mg.

Duration: intravenously for 10 days, then orally daily for 30 days.

• Carotid endarterectomy in patients with chronic cerebrovascular insufficiency:

Dose: 1,200 mg per day.

Duration: 1.5 months before surgery.

• Contingency before carotid endarterectomy:

Dose: 1,200 mg actovegin per day.

Duration: 1.5 months before surgery.

Side effects and precautions for actovegin

Actovegin, like all medicines, can cause side effects, but not everyone will experience them. Some side effects include:

Allergic reactions: this is one of the most serious side effects of actovegin. Symptoms may include skin rash, hives, redness of the skin with a burning sensation and even symptoms of shock. Drug-induced fever is also possible.

Dizziness: some users have reported feeling dizzy after taking actovegin.

Stomach complaints: Particularly after taking higher doses, some people have reported stomach complaints.

Caution in the use of actovegin:

• Allergies: Do not use actovegin if you are hypersensitive to skimmed calf blood serum or to any of the substances contained in the drug.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Consult your doctor before taking actovegin if you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant, are planning a pregnancy or are breastfeeding.
• Interactions with other drugs: According to the available data, no interactions of actovegin with other drugs have been found. However, always inform your doctor about all medications you are taking.
• Dietary restrictions: actovegin tablets should be taken before meals. They contain certain amounts of sodium, potassium and sucrose, which may be important for people on special diets or with certain medical conditions.
• Children: there is a lack of data on the use of actovegin in children. Therefore, its use in this group is not recommended unless prescribed by a doctor.
• Driving and operating machinery: actovegin may have minimal or no effect on the ability to drive and operate machinery. Nevertheless, given that dizziness is a potential side effect, caution is advised.
• Patients with phenylketonuria: actovegin contains phenylalanine, which may be harmful to patients with phenylketonuria.
• Patients with specific dietary restrictions: Due to the sodium and potassium content, those on a sodium or potassium controlled diet should take this into account.
• Overdose: According to the data provided, no cases of actovegin overdose have been reported. Nevertheless, it is always recommended to adhere to the recommended dose and to consult a doctor if an overdose is suspected.

Although actovegin has been shown to be beneficial in a number of conditions, it is important to take the drug as directed and be aware of potential side effects and precautions. Always consult your doctor before starting or stopping any medication.

Summary

Actovegin has demonstrated itself as a versatile therapeutic agent with benefits in numerous areas of medicine. It has shown significant effects in patients with diabetes, aiding in both metabolic and neurological aspects, particularly highlighting its neuroprotective attributes. In addition, its contributions to stroke recovery, sports medicine and the potential to enhance the effects of antidepressants in the elderly population underline its broad applications. Furthermore, its promising potential in eye health and its role in skin protection and restoration confirm its broad therapeutic potential. In short, actovegin's extensive and diverse therapeutic benefits point to its growing importance and potential role in modern medicine.

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Protein-free haemodialysate: A natural enhancer for cellular health and regeneration processes

Solcoseryl is a unique medical product derived from protein-free haemodialysate of dairy calves. It is enriched with components commonly found in cells and blood serum. Its main purpose is to increase the delivery of oxygen and glucose to cells, especially when they are oxygen deficient. Through this action, solcoseryl promotes cellular energetics, supporting the body's natural regeneration processes. Additionally, it plays a key role in skin rejuvenation and maintaining the integrity of blood vessels.

The solcoseryl preparation is available in various forms, such as an injectable liquid, gel or cream. There is also a special version for oral problems such as painful gums or lips. People reach for this medicine to alleviate various skin problems and for oral care.

Benefits of solcoseryl: Based on medical studies

Solcoseryl has demonstrated efficacy in a variety of conditions - from accelerating wound healing and relieving gingival inflammation to optimising neurological function. How can solcoseryl be an innovative therapeutic agent in various medical fields?

Benefits of solcoseryl for the brain and nervous system

Solcoseryl has shown promising results in numerous scientific studies that have focused on its potential benefits for brain and nervous system health. These range from reducing brain damage caused by bleeding to enhancing learning and memory processes in animal models.

Reduced brain damage: Studies show that solcoseryl may be helpful for people experiencing bleeding in the brain caused by a blood vessel rupture, known as an aneurysm. In one study, 300 patients with arterial aneurysms received solcoseryl, while 50 received no treatment. The results showed that the group receiving solcoseryl showed better recovery. These patients achieved better outcomes 30 days after brain injury. They achieved fewer serious health problems and deaths compared to the group not receiving the drug. This suggests that solcoseryl may help mitigate the negative effects of bleeding in the brain caused by ruptured arteries [1].

Prevention of nerve ulcers: solcoseryl in combination with Proglumide can effectively prevent nerve ulcers in patients with significant renal problems. In a scientific study, patients with significant renal problems following surgery or trauma were given solcoseryl (in combination with Proglumide) as a means of preventing nerve ulcers. The results of the study showed that patients receiving this treatment were less likely to develop ulcers compared to the group that did not receive this drug combination [2].

Modulation of brain activity: an animal study suggests that solcoseryl positively affects brain activity. It was shown that, at specific times and doses, the administration of solcoseryl had an effect on the movements and sleep patterns of rats. For example: it reduced sleep time when given 15 minutes before another drug. These results suggest that solcoseryl may have the ability to modulate brain activity and influence specific behaviours [3].

Improving learning and memory: another study in rats indicates that solcoseryl may have a beneficial effect on learning and memory processes. Solcoseryl was found to improve both the 'acquisition' phase of new information and its subsequent recall. For certain tasks, different doses showed specific positive effects, suggesting the potential of solcoseryl to enhance brain function related to learning and memory [4].

Help with cerebral ischaemia: solcoseryl in combination with acupuncture may benefit cerebral ischaemia. An animal study showed that the combination of solcoseryl and acupuncture had better results in reducing symptoms than using each treatment separately. Specifically, this combined approach significantly reduced problems observed in the cerebral ischaemia model, such as high rates of neurological deficit and increased water and lactic acid content in the brain [5].

Potential benefits in treating blood circulation problems in the brain

Promising treatment for adverse cerebrovascular conditions:

solcoseryl was studied in the context of its effect on patients with early or ongoing cerebrovascular problems, conditions related to blood circulation in the brain. Twenty-nine patients took part in the study. Some of them were struggling with vegetovascular dystonia, affecting the blood vessels and nervous system, and others with varying degrees of dyscratic encephalopathy, affecting brain function due to blood circulation problems. The results showed a positive effect of solcoseril. Patients experienced fewer and shorter episodes of vegetovascular problems and reported better general wellbeing. This suggests that solcoseryl may be a beneficial approach to managing conditions related to cerebral blood circulation [6, 6A].

Significant benefits for cerebrovascular anaemia (CVI):

Cerebrovascular anaemia, known as CVI, is a condition in which there is a reduced blood supply to the brain. An extensive study was conducted. It involved 243 patients who received daily injections of solcoseryl (2.0 ml each) for 25 days, and this treatment was repeated twice a year. The results showed a marked reduction in neurological symptoms. Patients were also given medication to regulate blood pressure and prevent blood clots. The combination of solcoseryl with other drugs resulted in a significant reduction in the risk of patients worsening, as well as a reduction in the number of incidents of temporary blood supply disruptions and strokes compared to those treated with standard methods. These results suggest that solcoseryl may be an important component in the treatment of CVI, enhancing the benefits of other therapies and improving patients' overall health [7].

As such, solcoseryl can provide support for patients with cerebral blood circulation problems. Its benefits range from reducing symptoms, improving overall health and reducing the risk of more serious complications. These results highlight the potential of solcoseryl as an effective therapeutic agent for neurological problems.

Healing properties of solcoseryl:

Recent scientific research indicates that solcoseryl plays a significant role in accelerating and effectively supporting recovery from various types of injury.

Solcoseryl for eye health:

Solcoseryl is gaining prominence in the field of ophthalmic care, offering a range of benefits for a variety of eye conditions. From dry eyes to corneal damage. The therapy is showing promising results in relieving symptoms and promoting healing. The following are scientific studies that illustrate the potential role of solcoseryl in ocular disorders.

Healing of eye injuries:

Study of the efficacy of 'Solcoseryl Eye-Gel' compared to 'Cysteine Eye-Gel' for corneal injuries. Solcoseryl proved to be the more effective choice. After treatment with solcoseryl gel, its effect on tissue regeneration and increased cellular oxygen uptake was noted. Over the course of treatment, as many as 63% of patients using solcoseryl observed complete healing of their epithelial injuries, compared to only 53% for Cysteine Eye-Gel. This suggests that solcoseryl accelerates the recovery process after corneal injury and benefits ocular health [17].

Increased moisture and healing of dry eyes:

A comparative study between 'solcoseryl eye drops' and 'Vitasic eye drops' showed that solcoseryl achieved better results. In participants with corneal erosion and dry eye syndrome, solcoseryl not only accelerated the healing process, but also increased eye moisture. The statistically significant improvement establishes the formulation as a more effective treatment option for these ocular conditions [18].

Improved healing of corneal injuries with solcoserol:

In a controlled, double-blind study involving 61 patients with corneal injuries, 'solcoseryl Eye-Gel' was tested against 2.4% cysteine eye gel. The eyes of patients treated with solcoseryl Eye-Gel not only healed faster, but were also less likely to develop a corneal macula temidoj after the healing process was complete [19].

Accelerated corneal healing after foreign body removal with solcoseryl:

A double-blind study evaluated the effect of solcoseril on corneal healing, particularly after foreign body removal. Faster healing could be observed in the solcoseril-treated patients than in the control group. In addition, the solcoseryl-treated group was less likely to develop corneal opacity. The lack of negative side effects associated with the use of solcoseril highlights its potential for effective corneal healing after foreign body removal [20].

Help for chronic dry eye syndrome:

Solcoseryl has proven to be a versatile solution for a variety of ocular problems. In a study involving 18 patients with chronic dry eye syndrome, solcoseryl gel proved to be extremely helpful. It not only assisted the healing process of the corneal surface, but also increased the transparency of the cornea. Compared to another treatment, i.e. 2,4% ophthalmic gel with cysteine, solcoseryl showed better efficacy, especially in patients with dry keratitis, due to better tolerability [21].

Good for contact lens wearers with dry eyes:

Contact lens wearers often experience discomfort due to dry eyes and associated corneal damage. In a study involving contact lens wearers with dry eyes, of the 66 participants, those who added solcoseryl to their treatment along with Corneregel saw significant benefits. Within seven to 14 days, many noticed healing of the cornea. For those with more advanced damage, the introduction of solcoseryl further improved the cornea, providing additional comfort for lens wearers. This combination not only resulted in regeneration of the corneal surface, but also had a positive effect on the anterior layer of the eye, providing both health and comfort for lens wearers [22].

Help with vascular problems in the eyes:

For people with vascular problems in their eyes, solcoseryl may prove to be a saviour. In a scientific study spanning more than 17 years with 2331 patients, solcoseryl treatment led to increased visual function, better retinal blood vessel function, and provided lasting improvement. Impressively, the recovery time for patients receiving solcoserol treatment is reduced [23].

Summary:

In each of these cases, solcoseryl is shown to be a helpful treatment for a variety of ocular problems, helping to improve patients' vision and overall wellbeing.

Solcoseryl for cardiovascular health:

Solcoseryl shows potential in improving cardiovascular health. A number of studies have shown the beneficial effects of solcoseryl in patients dealing with a variety of cardiovascular conditions. These range from aiding recovery after heart attacks to treating peripheral vascular disease. The formulation has demonstrated efficacy and a potential role in comprehensive cardiac care.

Faster recovery after myocardial infarction with solcoseryl:

In a study involving 58 patients with acute myocardial infarction, solcoseryl was used to assess its effect on recovery. The results were promising: patients treated with solcoseryl reported fewer episodes of angina, suggesting a reduction in heart pain. Those treated with solcoseryl showed faster recovery from CHF symptoms and improved ability to perform physical activity [24].

Calf blood dialysate (solcoseryl/Actovegin) after myocardial infarction:

In another study involving 60 people after myocardial infarction, calf blood dialysate (solcoseryl/Actovegin) reduced levels of specific enzymes in their blood, such as creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase, where both indicate a reduction in cardiac damage. This suggests that calf blood dialysate may offer some potential cardiovascular benefits [25].

Solcoseryl in a multidirectional approach to the treatment of chronic heart disease:

Patients with chronic coronary heart disease (CHD) may benefit from a therapeutic approach involving solcoseryl. In a large study involving 349 CHD patients, therapies combining He-Ne laser radiation, alpha-tocopheryl acetate and solcoseryl were used. Results indicated that solcoseryl, in combination with these therapies, significantly relieved pain and improved exercise tolerance. Importantly, the formulation also showed significant efficacy against arrhythmias, highlighting its potential role in the comprehensive treatment of heart disease [26].

Effect of solcoseryl on vascular atherosclerosis:

For people with chronic lower limb atherosclerosis, calf blood dialysate may offer hope. A study of 158 such patients revealed that as many as 93% experienced an improvement in quality of life, sustained for at least six months, following treatment with solcoserol. Additionally, in the intervals between treatment cycles, minimal doses of aspirin and nicotinic acid proved effective as maintenance therapy [27].

Treatment of peripheral vascular disease with solcoserol:

Peripheral vascular disease is a serious vascular disorder. The condition of patients with this condition improved significantly after treatment with solcoserol. Not only did the symptoms and visible signs of the disease improve, but so did the oxygen levels, previously reduced due to the disease. There was also an increase in the difference between arterial and venous oxygen levels. Lactic acid levels decreased, indicating a role for solcoseryl in improving oxygen transport and utilisation, especially in the affected areas [28].

Potential of solcoseryl in the treatment of ulcers:

Reduced ulcer treatment time with aevitum and solcoserol:

A large study involving 105 patients with peptic ulcers used a combination of aevitum and solcoseryl. The methods of administration of solcoseryl varied, but the group receiving direct injections experienced a rapid healing process, with their ulcers completely healed in just 10-12 days, a significant breakthrough [29].

Reduced healing time and recurrence rate with solcoserol and statisol:

Another study, on 300 ulcer patients, used a combination of solcoseril and 'statisol'. The results were promising, cutting the healing time in half and significantly reducing the frequency of ulcer recurrence. The recurrence rate was much lower in the group receiving this combined treatment compared to the control group [30].

Faster recovery after ulcer surgery with solcoseril:

Patients undergoing ulcer surgery and receiving solcoseryl by injection experienced earlier relief from pain, reduced inflammation and smoother recovery. Additionally, they were able to be discharged from hospital 3-5 days earlier than expected, reducing the cost of their stay and speeding up their return to normal life [31].

Solcoseryl appears to have an important role in reducing healing time and ulcer recurrence, which is a promising prospect for sufferers.

Improved healing in rats with solcoserol and cycloferon:

Experimental studies in male rats showed that the combination of solcoseryl with cyclophosphate, an interferon inducer, had promising healing properties. Rats treated with this combination showed better healing of duodenal ulcers compared to those treated with each drug alone [32]. These results suggest the potential of solcoseryl in ulcer management, especially when used in combination with other drugs.

Oral health benefits:

Accelerating wound healing in the oral cavity:

The researchers used a unique dental film, Diplan-denta C, containing solcoseryl, to accelerate healing of surgical wounds on the inside of the cheek. Comparing this to conventional treatments, Diplan-denta C film accelerated the healing of buccal mucosal injuries, suggesting a potential role for solcoseryl in the healing process [33].

Support for patients with hypertension:

A study investigated how 'solcoseryl-Denta' cream supports hypertensive patients undergoing oral prosthetic procedures. The use of the cream accelerated the healing of the oral mucosa, which significantly reduced the risk of complications after the procedure [34]. This suggests that solcoseryl may play a role in improving oral health, particularly for patients undergoing dental procedures.

A solution for severe gum disease:

In a study with people suffering from a severe form of gum disease, solcoseryl was injected into the gums, which showed promising results. There was a significant reduction in inflammation, bleeding and fluid in specific areas of the gums. Although it did not significantly affect tooth mobility or pocket depth, this suggests that the substance may have a beneficial effect on symptoms associated with severe gum disease [35].

Pain-free recovery after gum surgery:

For some bridgework, Solcoseryl Dental Adhesive Paste has proven to be a key element in post-operative care, enabling pain-free recovery [36].

Prevention of dry socket after tooth extraction:

A study using a combination of gelatine and solcoseryl after tooth extraction aimed to counteract 'dry alveolus', a painful postoperative condition. The group treated with the preparation recorded a significant reduction in the number of cases of dry alveolus, suggesting a potential role for the substance in preventing this painful post-extraction complication [37].

Musculoskeletal benefits:

Solcoseryl also appears to have musculoskeletal benefits, particularly for bone health and joint pain relief.

Strengthening the femur:

A study in young rats suggests that solcoseryl may influence the strength of the femur, increasing bone strength. Additionally, it appears to counteract the debilitating effects of some drugs, highlighting its potential role as a bone-strengthening substance [38].

Pain relief in osteoarthrosis of the knee:

In a study on patients with knee osteoarthrosis, injections of solcoseryl/actovegin directly into the knee joints resulted in a decrease in pain. Patients experienced an average decrease in VAS scores and an average reduction in pain scores. The lack of reported side effects suggests that this treatment may not only be effective, but also safe. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to confirm these promising results [39].

Improving bone formation around dental implants

The process of osseointegration is crucial for the successful placement of dental implants. There has been some interesting research into the potential role of solcoseryl in this area. Conducted on rabbits, the study focused on combining calf blood dialysate with a capacitively coupled electric field (CCEF) technique, with the aim of investigating the possibility of increasing bone growth around dental implants. The results are promising, as bone formation and strength in the implant area were significantly improved using both solcoseril and CCEF. These results suggest that the combination of these two treatments can significantly improve the success of dental implants [40].

Based on these observations, it appears that solcoseryl may play a key role in promoting musculoskeletal health. Its potential not only to strengthen bone, but also to alleviate joint pain and improve the effectiveness of dental implants makes it a versatile ingredient in the field of orthopaedic and dental therapy.

Solcoseryl in the treatment of various medical conditions

Scientific research demonstrates the potential of solcoseryl in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions, from lower limb preganglion to severe head injuries. Its diverse mechanisms of action include improving chemical processes in the body, reducing inflammation, promoting tissue healing and potentially protecting against tissue damage.

1. Treatment of lower limb pre-angina

Gangrene, resulting from ischaemia and infection, poses a serious threat to the body's tissues. In the study conducted - solcoseryl applied topically to the affected areas accelerated the healing process and aided the regeneration of tissues affected by gangrene. The results were promising, with the group using solcoseryl achieving significantly better results compared to the placebo group. The treatment showed efficacy through noticeable improvements in the early symptoms of gangrene, such as skin colour changes, pain and swelling in the lower limbs [41].

2. Support for severe head injuries

Solcoseryl has been used in cases of severe head injury, particularly closed craniocerebral trauma. Administered intravenously in combination with antioxidant therapy, it acted by increasing oxygen utilisation in damaged brain tissue. In combination with antioxidants, the drug directly affected inflammatory processes, resulting in significant patient benefits such as improved neurological status and blood pressure stabilisation [42].

3. Helping to treat leg ulcers in patients with sickle cell anaemia

Sickle cell anaemia is characterised by distorted red blood cell morphology, which can lead to various complications, including ulcers. A study conducted on patients with sickle cell anaemia showed that topical application of solcoseryl to ulcers resulted in visible healing. The mechanism of action of solcoseryl, based on the promotion of cellular regeneration and wound healing, contributed to a significant improvement in patients with this disease [43].

4. Potential in the treatment of chronic bronchitis

For patients with chronic bronchitis, the combination of solcoseryl with other treatments has shown efficacy in improving symptoms and certain biochemical markers associated with the disease. Acting by increasing oxygen delivery and utilisation in the lungs, solcoseryl contributed to symptom relief and made positive changes in biochemical markers associated with chronic bronchitis. These results suggest the potential of solcoseryl to increase the efficacy of the overall treatment of bronchitis [44].

5. Protection against liver damage

Liver damage can lead to serious conditions such as liver fibrosis or cancer. In a study on protection against liver damage, a protein-free calf blood extract (solcoseryl/actovegin) was presumably administered orally to mice. The results suggest that this compound protects cells and promotes liver cell regeneration, highlighting its potential benefits in liver protection in humans as well [45].

6. Positive effects in late pregnancy

In cases of chronic placental insufficiency in late pregnancy, solcoseryl has shown the potential to increase estrogen excretion, a key hormone during pregnancy [46]. Intake of solcoseryl intravenously or orally, tailored to the stage of pregnancy and the degree of placental insufficiency, led to a significant increase in estrogen secretion, which may be crucial in maintaining a healthy pregnancy [46].

7. Management of chronic placental insufficiency

In the case of chronic placental insufficiency, which can lead to insufficient blood flow to the fetus, solcoseryl administered intravenously helped to increase placental blood flow, which assisted in the delivery of nutrients. Dosing was adjusted according to the progression of the pregnancy and the degree of insufficiency. The results suggest that the use of solcoseryl may improve placental function, which is important in maintaining a healthy pregnancy [47].

8. Oxidative stress management in pregnancy complications

Oxidative stress in pregnancy complications can adversely affect maternal and child health. Solcoseryl, administered orally or intravenously in pregnant women with a diagnosis of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), was used to manage oxidative stress. Dosage was adjusted according to the diagnosis and degree of IUGR. Solcoseryl balances oxidative processes, which led to a significant reduction in oxidative stress markers in pregnant women with IUGR [48].

Possible mechanisms of action of solcoseryl

solcoseryl exhibits a complex mechanism of action that makes it a versatile therapeutic agent with applications in a variety of medical conditions. Derived from a protein-free haemodialysate, its main function includes enhancing tissue regeneration and improving cellular oxygen utilisation. Below are some of the key areas in which solcoseryl shows positive effects:

1. Neurological Status:

Solcoseryl helps to minimise permanent damage from brain haemorrhages.

Modulates central nervous system activity, improving outcomes in cerebrovascular disease.

Reduces the risk of disease progression and transient ischaemic attacks in cerebrovascular insufficiency.

Positively influences learning and memory in animal models.

2. Healing of the Gastrointestinal System:

Effective in accelerating epithelial cell regeneration in corneal injuries, gingival wounds and deep wounds.

3. Cardiovascular Condition and Peripheral Vascular Disease:

Contributes to improved haemodynamics.

Supports faster recovery from circulatory failure.

4. Interaction with Other Treatments:

Increases interferon responses.

Supports antioxidant defence.

5. Applications in Wound Care:

Effective in accelerating epithelial cell regeneration in various types of wounds.

6. Regulation of Gene Expression and Signalling Pathways:

Increases the expression of specific genes and intracellular signalling pathways.

Solcoseryl also has a strong safety profile, making it a well-tolerated therapeutic option. Side effects, such as itching or burning sensations, are minimal. However, it is worth emphasising that these observations are based on studies, and further research is needed to confirm these properties.

Dosage of solcoseryl in different conditions

Here is information on the dosage of solcoseril in various studies and medical conditions:

1. Gastroduodenal Ulcers:

Dose: 10 ml intravenous injection in 5% glucose solution every other day for six days.

This is followed by intramuscular injections of 5 ml for a further 4-5 days.

2. Advanced Gingival Disease:

Participants: 26 patients aged 18 to 57 years.

Dose: 30 ampoules of 2 ml solcoseryl injections directly into the gums at various intervals.

3. Knee Joint Degeneration:

Participants: 17 people with knee osteoarthritis.

Dose: No details of solcoseryl concentration and volume are available.

4. Healing Wounds in Rats:

Comparison of solcoseryl 10% gel with other healing substances.

5. Activity in the Central Nervous System in Rats:

Doses of 0.5 to 2.0 ml/kg affected behaviour differently depending on timing and concurrent therapies.

6. Learning and Memory in Rats:

Doses of approximately 1.0 to 1.25 ml/kg optimised central nervous system functions related to learning and memory.

7. Cerebrovascular Insufficiency:

Intravenous doses of 2.0 ml daily for 25 days led to significant improvements in neurological symptoms.

8. Corneal Damage:

A solcoseryl gel containing 8.3 mg of protein-free dialysate per gram of gel was used.

9. Treatments for the Mucosa and Gums:

Solcoseryl Dental adhesion paste applied three times a day for 7-10 days for painless healing of the donor site.

10. Bone formation around Dental Implants:

An intravenous dose of 2 ml/kg together with other treatments led to significant improvements in new bone formation.

11. Chronic placental insufficiency:

Patients received 2 doses of 250 ml of protein-free calf blood dialysate (solcoseryl) for 9 days.

It is clear that the use of solcoseryl is manifold, but should be used under medical supervision, optimised for the specific condition and tailored to the patient's needs. It is advisable to consult a doctor in order to adjust the doses and form of administration accordingly, depending on the specifics of the medical case.

Dosage forms of solcoseryl

Solcoseryl is available in various forms to meet a variety of medical needs. The main dosage forms of solcoseryl are shown below:

1. Gel/Gelatin solcoseryl:

Use: Mainly used for wound care, especially moist and wet wounds.

Healing phase: Most often in the initial phases of wound healing.

2. Solcoseryl ointment:

Use: Suitable for dry wounds, promotes tissue regeneration and protects the wound from external factors.

Healing phase: Used in the later phases of wound healing.

3. Adhesive paste solcoseryl:

Purpose: Specially designed for oral use, it supports the healing of wounds and ulcers in the mouth.

Adhesive properties: Holds in place, providing long-lasting relief and promoting healing.

4. Solcoseryl injection:

Use: Increases tissue regeneration and oxygen utilisation by cells.

Administration: Intramuscular, intravenous or directly into specific sites, depending on the conditions to be treated.

5. Solcoseryl gel:

Use: Promotes faster wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Features and Benefits: Effective in external wound healing, eye care, dentistry and regeneration of various tissues.

Conclusions:

Each form of solcoseryl is tailored to a specific application, providing targeted and effective treatment.

Before using any form of solcoseryl, it is advisable to consult a medical professional to determine the appropriate form and treatment regimen for your particular case.

Solcoseryl gel is a versatile solution that speeds up the healing process and is easily tolerated, making it a popular choice in a variety of medical fields.

Solcoseryl injection: a summary based on scientific studies

Solcoseryl injection is an innovative medical formula developed to enhance tissue regeneration and accelerate the healing process in various clinical situations. Here is a general overview of its key features based on scientific research:

Cellular oxygenation:

Solcoseryl works by increasing oxygen uptake by the cells, which promotes accelerated healing processes in the body.

Broad usability:

It is used in a variety of medical situations, from trauma management to post-operative recovery, making it versatile in its application.

Versatile administration:

The injection can be administered in a variety of ways, including intramuscularly, intravenously or directly into specific sites, adapting to specific medical needs.

Tissue regeneration:

It promotes effective tissue repair, which is particularly valuable in situations where there is a need for accelerated healing.

Safe use:

Developed according to strict quality standards, designed with safety and efficacy in mind. However, use under the supervision of healthcare professionals is recommended.

Widely researched:

Solcoseryl has been the subject of various scientific studies, confirming its credibility and efficacy in the medical community.

Pain and inflammation management:

In addition to its ability to heal, it can also help reduce pain and inflammation in certain conditions.

Solcoseryl injection is an established and well-researched medical solution that is known for its ability to support and accelerate the body's natural healing processes.

Solcoseryl ointment: a summary based on scientific research

As a topical therapeutic agent, solcoseryl ointment is recognised for its wound healing and tissue regeneration properties. Below are some of the key characteristics of solcoseryl ointment based on scientific studies:

Wound Healing:

Solcoseryl ointment is designed to accelerate the wound healing process, reducing the time it takes for wounds to fully heal. Studies confirm its effectiveness for a variety of wound types.

Tissue Regeneration:

In addition to superficial wounds, the ointment promotes the regeneration of deeper skin tissues. This property is particularly valuable in the treatment of various skin disorders.

Origins:

solcoseryl, being a derivative of protein-free calf blood extract, has regenerative properties that further enhance its natural character.

Moisture barrier:

It acts as an effective moisture barrier, keeping wounds in a suitable moist environment, which promotes the healing process. At the same time, it protects against external irritants.

Versatility:

The ointment has been used effectively in a variety of studies and treatment regimes, covering both minor skin abrasions and more serious skin conditions. This confirms its versatility in a variety of clinical settings.

Safety Profile:

It has a favourable safety profile, but awareness of potential allergic reactions or interactions is always recommended. Consultation with a healthcare professional is recommended before use.

Ease of Application:

Being available as an ointment makes it easy to apply to the affected areas and also allows it to be used under dressings or bandages if necessary.

Remember, it is always advisable to consult healthcare professionals before using solcoseryl ointment to ensure that it is suitable for your specific condition and individual needs.

Dosage and Administration of Solcoseryl Ointment: Summary

The dosage and administration of solcoseryl ointment usually depends on the type of wound and its severity. Below is a general summary of dosage and application recommendations:

Purpose:

Solcoseryl ointment is intended for topical application directly to the wound.

Wound preparation:

Before applying the ointment, it is necessary to clean the wound thoroughly with a disinfectant solution.

Trophic Ulcers and Purulent Infections:

For trophic ulcers or wounds with purulent infection, initial surgical treatment may be required before using solcoseryl® ointment.

Application to Dry Wound:

Solcoseryl® ointment is specially formulated for dry (non weeping) wounds.

It should be applied in a thin layer to the cleaned wound surface. This can be done 1-2 times a day.

Use of Under Bandages:

If necessary, the ointment can be used under bandages.

Duration of Treatment:

Treatment with solcoseryl ointment should be continued until the wound has fully healed, epithelialization has been achieved and elastic scar tissue has formed.

Use of Additional Forms of solcoseryl:

In cases of significant trophic damage to the skin and soft tissues, intravenous forms of solcoseryl are also recommended along with an ointment.

Remember that it is necessary to consult a healthcare professional before starting treatment to adapt the dosage regimen to the specific needs of the patient and the type and extent of the wound. These recommendations are general and individual cases may require adjustments.

Solcoseryl Paste: Based on Scientific Studies

Specifically designed for oral use, solcoseryl Adhesive Paste demonstrates a number of benefits for tissue healing and regeneration. Below are the key features of solcoseryl paste:

Oral Tissue Healing:

The paste promotes rapid healing of injuries or wounds in the oral cavity, especially post-operative wounds of the buccal mucosa.

Pain relief:

Patients report a reduction in discomfort or pain, especially after surgery, which can be attributed to the soothing properties of the paste.

Adhesive properties:

The adhesive properties of the paste allow it to adhere firmly to the mucous membranes in the mouth, ensuring long-lasting contact and effective delivery of the active ingredients to the affected area.

Security:

By forming a protective layer over wounds or injuries, the paste protects them from further irritation, especially from food, drink or movement in the mouth.

Calf Blood Origins:

solcoseryl, the main ingredient in the paste, is derived from protein-free calf blood extract, which contributes to its regenerative properties and accelerates tissue repair.

Versatile Application:

Although designed for oral use, the benefits of the paste extend to a variety of oral conditions, from surgical wounds to ulcers or mouth ulcers.

An addition to Other Therapies:

The paste can be used in combination with other therapies or medications, increasing the overall healing process, as shown in some studies where it was combined with other dental solutions.

It is always important to consult your dentist or healthcare professional before using solcoseryl toothpaste to ensure that it is suitable for your specific condition and individual needs.

Infusion of solcoseryl: Based on Scientific Studies

Solcoseryl, which is a deproteinised haemodialysate from calf blood, aims to improve oxygen delivery and utilisation in areas of the body with limited blood flow. Key aspects of solcoseryl infusion include:

Stimulation of Cellular Respiration and Metabolism:

Solcoseryl stimulates cellular respiration and metabolism, which contributes to accelerated healing and tissue regeneration.

Improving Oxygen Delivery:

The product aims to improve oxygen delivery in oxygen-limited areas of the body, which is important for healing processes.

Improving Tissue Regeneration:

Solcoseryl promotes faster tissue regeneration, making it valuable in situations requiring an intensive healing process.

Solcoseryl infusion has been extensively researched, reinforcing its credibility as an effective solution to support regenerative processes in the body.

Applications of Solcoseryl Infusion:

Solcoseryl infusion is used for a variety of conditions, including:

Peripheral Vascular Diseases:

Solcoseryl can be used to support the treatment of peripheral vascular disease, which affects blood vessels outside the heart and brain area.

Diabetic Polyneuropathy:

For diabetic polyneuropathy, which is damage to the peripheral nerves associated with diabetes, infusion of solcoseryl can help improve nerve function.

Conditions Associated with Blood Flow Disorders or Ischaemic Events:

Infusion of solcoseryl can be used in conditions associated with impaired blood flow, as well as ischaemic events, to promote tissue repair.

Purpose of solcoseryl infusion:

The purpose of administering solcoseryl by infusion is:

Supporting Tissue Repair:

solcoseryl acts at a cellular level to promote tissue repair processes, which is important for a variety of conditions.

Increasing Oxygenation:

By increasing oxygen delivery to cells, solcoseryl contributes to increased oxygenation, which can have a positive impact on tissue function and health.

Important Notes:

Infusion of solcoseryl should be administered under the supervision and direction of a qualified medical professional.

The appropriateness of the infusion for an individual patient should be determined on the basis of a thorough medical assessment.

Summary:

Solcoseryl appears to be a versatile drug with a wide range of applications, covering different areas of medicine. Research suggests that it may have benefits in improving brain function, accelerating wound healing, supporting eye health, and positively impacting heart health. It is a substance that appears to have the potential to help in many different areas of health, making it a broad-spectrum tool in medical practice.

Disclaimer

This article is written to educate and raise awareness of the substance discussed. It is important to note that the substance discussed is a substance and not a specific product. The information contained in the text is based on available scientific studies and is not intended as medical advice or to promote self-medication. The reader should consult a qualified health professional for any decisions regarding health and treatment.

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