The BPC-157 peptide has shown promising beneficial effects in several areas of regenerative medicine. The following sections analyse the potential benefits present in various studies. They cover various aspects and spheres of action of the formulation, from pharmacokinetics - how the body absorbs, distributes, metabolises and excretes the peptide - to modulation of essential body processes.

What is the BPC-157?

'Body-protective compound 157', commonly referred to as BPC-157, is a peptide mainly isolated from human gastric juice. Consisting of 15 amino acids, the compound has a high molecular weight of 1419 Da. BPC-157, also known as BPC-15, BPC157, PL-10, PLD-116 or PL14736, shows remarkable therapeutic potential, especially in the treatment of severe trauma and stress injuries. It is known to promote the healing of various injuries and wounds, including ligaments, tendons and fractures [1, 2].

It has been found to provide significant benefits for the heart, liver, pancreas and muscle tissues, as well as the cornea and nervous system. Furthermore, its protective effect extends to the gastrointestinal tract, providing remarkable benefits to the oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and colonic mucosa. In addition to its protective properties, BPC-157 also exhibits cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory properties, playing a key role in maintaining and preserving the integrity of epithelial tissues.

Stability of the BPC-157

BPC-157 (acetate salt) shows high stability in powder form at room temperature. A test was performed which showed that storing the dry peptide in acetate form at 50 degrees celcius at 65% for 30 days resulted in 91.98% stability. It should be noted that 50 degrees is a very high temperature for proteins. Once dissolved in water, the peptide should be stored in the refrigerator. A stability test of the BPC-157 peptide in water at 50 degrees celcius was performed. The peptide achieved stability of 55,25% after 65 hours. BPC-157 in the form of acetate salt, the one most commonly used for injection, shows medium stability in the human stomach environment. A test was performed and BPC-157 in acetate salt form was placed in the human stomach environment at PH 2. The stability of the peptide after 30 minutes was 21.4% and after one hour was 8.2%. Higher stability was obtained at the higher PH. For PH 3, it was 41.7% after 30 minutes and 26.1% after one hour. This peptide already showed quite good stability at a PH of 4, with stability results of 90% after one hour. It should be noted that the PH of the stomach usually settles around 2 on an empty stomach and rises to around 3 after a meal. One can conclude from this that the BPC-157 peptide will be digested quickly unless the gastric ph is raised to 4. A short-term higher gastric PH can be obtained by drinking a glass of water with a tablespoon of baking soda before going to bed on an empty stomach. BPC-157 is much more stable in its arginine salt form and it is this salt that is considered suitable for oral use.[5]

Stability of the arginine salt of BPC-157

The stability of the different forms of BPC-157 was tested under several conditions, including a high temperature of 50 degrees Celsius. The results showed that the arginine salt of BPC-157, also known as Arg-BPC, was particularly stable at this high temperature. This means that Arg-BPC can be safely stored at room temperature without degradation or loss of efficacy [5].

Traditionally, BPC-157, being a peptide (a type of protein molecule), was thought to be unstable and to degrade rapidly in the acidic environment of gastric juice. This instability was particularly noticeable with the acetate salt of BPC-157. Consequently, it degrades in the stomach, resulting in low bioavailability and less efficacy as an oral drug.

However, tests have shown that Arg-BPC is significantly more stable in gastric juice than previous forms of BPC-157, including the acetate form. This increased stability means that, once taken orally, Arg-BPC can survive the acidic environment of the stomach without breaking down too quickly, making it more effective as a drug. In addition to its improved stability in the stomach, Arg-BPC has also shown higher stability at elevated temperatures [5]. This makes it a more robust and reliable form of BPC-157 for various applications, particularly for oral administration. Specifically, BPC-157 showed 99.01% stability after 388 hours in water at 50 degrees celcius. In the human stomach environment, it showed 90% stability after 3 hours at a ph of 3. At a PH below 3, the peptide showed much less stability, so it is advisable to take it after a meal when the stomach PH is equal to or higher than 3 [5].

Why is BPC-157 acetate only for injection and not for oral administration? BPC-157, prepared as acetate, has been shown to have stability problems, especially after exposure to the acidic environment of the stomach. Therefore, BPC-157 acetate is usually administered by injection rather than orally [5].

When BPC-157 acetate enters the stomach, the acid in the gastric juice causes it to break down before it can be fully absorbed and provide potential health benefits. This limits its efficacy as an oral drug [5]. Therefore, to bypass the acute acidic environment of the stomach, BPC-157 acetate is usually administered by injection. This direct route ensures that it enters the bloodstream without prior degradation in the stomach.

Peptide BPC-157 nasal absorption. The molecular weight of BPC-157 is 1419 Da. This means that the BPC-157 molecule is relatively large compared to the Semax molecule, which is 813.93 Da. Semax has a proven effect in studies when administered intranasally. The particle size of 1419 Da is thought to further allow for nasal absorption, but more poorly. A solution may be to dissolve the stable BPC-157 Arg peptide in saline with the addition of 3% DMSO. The addition of DMSO allows absorption of much larger molecules that would not normally be absorbed.

Dosage methods for BPC-157

BPC-157 can be found in various dosage forms, including oral, intranasal, topical and parenteral [3]. The injectable form is widely used due to direct transport of the substance and rapid absorption. However, alternative forms such as nasal sprays and capsules are also available. Nasal sprays offer the convenience of non-invasive application, while capsules can be taken orally. This makes them a more user-friendly option for those who are uncomfortable with injections. The effectiveness of each form may depend on the specific use scenario, individual preference and overall comfort associated with the method of administration.

Pharmacokinetics of BPC

The pharmacokinetics of BPC-157, or how the peptide is metabolised in the body, has been extensively studied [4]. Here is a simplified summary of some of the key findings:

• BPC-157 does not remain in the body for long. Its 'half-life', which is the time it takes for half of the preparation to leave the body, is less than 30 minutes. This is typical of substances made from peptides.
• The formulation behaves predictably in the body, exhibiting 'linear pharmacokinetics', meaning that its effect is dose-proportional in both rats and beagle dogs at all doses tested.
• When injected into the muscle, BPC-157 reaches its highest concentration in the blood very quickly - in just nine minutes.
• Taking BPC-157 multiple times over 7 days does not significantly change the way the body handles the preparation, compared to a single injection of the same dose.
• The percentage of the substance that enters the bloodstream to produce an active effect, known as 'bioavailability', was 14%-19% in rats and 45%-51% in beagle dogs when administered by muscle injection.
• Like other peptide preparations, the body disposes of BPC-157 mainly via the liver and kidneys.
• BPC-157 is distributed in various body tissues, with higher levels found in the kidneys, liver, stomach wall, thymus (a small organ that produces immune cells) and spleen, compared to the blood.
• Finally, BPC-157 is broken down or 'metabolised' to a single amino acid known as proline, which can be found in blood, urine and faeces.

Dosage of BPC-157

Dosage recommendations for BPC-157 are often derived from studies in rats, as most of these studies used oral administration, which has been shown to be beneficial. However, it is important to note that direct translation of doses from animals to humans is not always accurate due to differences in metabolism, physiology and size of organisms. An effective oral dose in rats of 10 μg/kg translates into an estimated dose of 1.6 μg/kg in humans. Therefore, based on these studies, the estimated doses of BPC-157 for individuals of different body weights would be [6]:

• For a person weighing 70 kg, the estimated dose would be approximately 110 μg.
• For a person weighing 90 kg, the dose increases to approximately 145 μg.
• For a person weighing 115 kg, the recommended dose would be approximately 180 μg.

In other studies, the recommended dose for BPC-157 is usually around 200 mcg (micrograms). This dose is usually administered by subcutaneous injection to ensure optimal absorption and efficacy.

Please note that these are estimates and the optimal dose may vary depending on individual factors. In Practice, BPC-157 peptide is very often used by bodybuilders for various injuries and trauma. They use doses of approximately 500mcg per day spread over 2 doses, it is believed that these dosages are the most effective.

Potential health benefits of BPC-157: Therapeutic agent for various conditions

BPC-157 has demonstrated tremendous health benefits. The following sections provide an easy-to-understand overview of these potential benefits, including its functions, the mechanisms it uses and the types of experiments conducted to evaluate its effects.

BPC-157 and the central nervous system

BPC-157 provides potential benefits to the brain and nervous system [7]. It works in several ways, including changing the way certain genes in the body work, interacting with the nitric oxide system and helping the body recover from injury.

• Stroke:In some animal experiments, such as on rats, scientists administered BPC-157 to rats after they experienced a stroke. By administering BPC-157 to the rats, researchers found that it helped repair damage to the brain's neurons, the cells that transmit information in the brain [7, 8].

BPC-157 also helped to restore functions such as memory, movement and coordination and appeared to affect certain genes in a part of the brain called the hippocampus, which plays an important role in memory formation.

• Schizophrenia and catalepsy: In other experiments, BPC-157 has also been shown to help manage symptoms similar to schizophrenia and catalepsy. Catalepsy is a condition in which a person can be stuck in one position for long periods of time, while schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects the way a person thinks, feels and behaves. These benefits have been achieved by BPC-157 managing the action of the nitric oxide system in combination with various substances that affect dopamine, which is a chemical in the brain that plays a major role in the sensation of pleasure [7].
• Spinal cord injury: What's more, the researchers found that when BPC-157 was given to rats with spinal cord compression (a serious injury that can lead to paralysis), it helped them recover and counteracted the paralysis of their tails. BPC-157 also helped to treat brain disorders, reduce inflammation and promote nerve regeneration and blood vessel function after injury [7, 9, 10].
• BPC-157 versus the GABA system: BPC-157 interacts with the GABA system. GABA stands for gamma-aminobutyric acid, a type of natural sedative in our body. It helps regulate many behaviours and responses, including some related to the functions of an area of the brain called the striatum [7, 53].

Some disorders of the GABA system, for example those caused by the use of drugs such as diazepam, can lead to increased tolerance (needing more of the drug to achieve the same effect) or withdrawal symptoms. Interestingly, BPC-157 can counteract these disorders, making it a possible treatment option for such problems. For example, with regard to diazepam, BPC-157 has been shown to counteract the development of tolerance and dependence on the drug, which are significant side effects of long-term diazepam therapy.

In addition, BPC-157 has anticonvulsant effects, meaning that it can help prevent or reduce the severity of seizures. This is another potential benefit, especially for people struggling with diseases characterised by seizures [7, 53].

These experiments suggest that BPC-157 may provide new treatments for a range of disorders in the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

BPC and the musculoskeletal system

BPC-157 has significant potential in the treatment of various musculoskeletal injuries [11]. Among others:

• Tendons and ligaments: The connective tissues that link muscles to bones and joints heal slowly due to limited blood supply. However, studies in rats have shown that BPC-157 can accelerate this healing process. In experiments in which Achilles tendons were deliberately damaged, the administration of BPC-157 resulted in significantly better regeneration, leading to stronger and healthier tendons, as seen in microscopic analysis [12]. Moreover, these effects were not limited to the Achilles tendon; similar improvements were also observed in other tendons and ligaments. The route of administration, oral, topical or intraperitoneal, does not appear to affect the efficacy of the peptide, suggesting a wide range of potential therapeutic applications [11, 13].

• Skeletal muscle injuries: In addition to ligaments and tendons, studies have shown a role for BPC-157 in the healing of skeletal muscle injuries. For example, in experiments in which the quadriceps muscle was deliberately transected in rats, systemic administration of BPC-157 promoted continuous healing for 72 days [14]. Moreover, it helped maintain functional recovery of the muscle, suggesting significant therapeutic potential.
• Muscle healing:The beneficial effect of BPC-157 was also observed in cases where healing was otherwise impaired due to corticosteroid treatment. The peptide not only induced a faster rate of healing, but also helped to restore full muscle function [15].

Possible mechanisms

For musculoskeletal benefits, the possible mechanism of action of BPC-157 includes [11-17]:

• Activation of the FAK-Paxillin pathway: BPC-157 appears to promote the growth and movement of tendon cells. This is important because these cells play a major role in the repair of damaged tendons.
• Impact on cell composition: BPC-157 appears to alter the balance of cells involved in healing. It increases the number of some helpful cells and decreases the number of some potentially harmful ones. This change is thought to promote better healing and the formation of collagen fibres, a key component of our tendons.
• Resistance to corticosteroid-induced impairment: BPC-157 may also help muscle healing, even in the presence of substances that slow healing (such as corticosteroids). This can be very important for people undergoing certain types of treatment.
• Reduction of proteolysis: BPC-157 can slow down the breakdown of proteins in our muscles. This can be helpful in situations where we are trying to heal a muscle injury.
• Supporting the growth of new blood vessels: BPC-157 can promote the growth of new blood vessels. This is a key part of the healing process, as it delivers more nutrients to the damaged area and helps remove metabolic products. The substance appears to enhance this process by increasing the activity of certain molecules that stimulate blood vessel growth.
• Growth hormone receptor regulation: BPC-157 can also increase growth hormone receptor activity. This receptor interacts with growth hormones, which can stimulate cell growth and reproduction. If this receptor is more active, this can lead to better healing.

These potential mechanisms of action of BPC-157 hold promise as a therapeutic agent for a variety of musculoskeletal injuries, potentially offering a new approach to improving healing and recovery in these areas.

BPC-157 and the brain: Potential neuroprotective capacity

• Brain injury: BPC-157 shows potential in the treatment of brain injury. In mouse studies, the use of BPC-157 reduced the level of brain injury and the severity of bleeding and cuts in the brain. The product also helped to reduce brain swelling. When BPC-157 was administered just before or immediately after injury, it improved the recovery process, leading to better consciousness and a lower death rate in mice [18, 19].
• Swelling and damage to the brain and damage to peripheral organs:In another study, BPC-157 was shown to help a complex syndrome that included swelling of the brain and damage to the brain and other organs. BPC-157 helped alleviate problems caused by blocked blood vessels in both the brain and other parts of the body. It can reduce brain swelling and normalise increased pressure in the brain. This study suggests that BPC-157 may have broad benefits in dealing with blood vessel blockages and associated symptoms [20-22].

BPC-157 and cardiovascular health

• BPC-157 and heart failure: In animal studies with heart failure, a condition in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, BPC-157 helped alleviate symptoms such as an enlarged heart, changes in the heart and congestion in the heart. The compound was also able to counteract heart failure conditions caused by harmful substances such as alcohol or lithium, or physical issues such as blocked bile ducts or increased abdominal pressure. Researchers believe that these benefits may be due to the interaction of BPC-157 with certain biological systems and its ability to protect cells from damage [23].
• BPC-157 and heart attacks/myocardial infarction

Studies have shown that BPC-157 can help treat heart attacks in laboratory animals. After administration of BPC-157, the animals showed less heart damage and their hearts continued to function well. The compound also helped prevent blood clotting and irregular heart rhythms, while protecting the brain [24]. These benefits were seen regardless of how BPC-157 was administered, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for heart attacks and related conditions.

• BPC-157 and blood clots: BPC-157 has also been shown to be beneficial in dealing with harmful blood clotting events. In various animal studies, the compound was effective in reducing blood clotting in both arteries and veins. It also helped maintain the function of platelets, the cells that help blood clot, even in the presence of drugs that inhibit clotting. The effect on blood clotting may be related to BPC-157's ability to interact with and protect the lining of blood vessels and its effect on the nitric oxide system, a system involved in many processes in the body, including the regulation of blood flow [25].
• BPC-157 and blood pressure problems: BPC-157 has shown potential in dealing with serious blood pressure disorders such as very high blood pressure in the cranial, portal and vena cava (the main blood vessels in the body) and very low blood pressure in the main artery (aorta). It was also effective for severe blood volume loss and low blood pressure [26, 27]. Interestingly, the compound had no effect on normal blood pressure, suggesting that its action is directed at resolving specific abnormal conditions rather than regulating blood pressure in general.
• BPC-157 and irregular heart rhythm: BPC-157 has shown promise in treating irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmias) in a variety of experimental conditions, including myocardial infarctions and heart failure. It may exert its effect on arrhythmias by influencing the action of nitric oxide, a compound in the body that has a protective effect on the heart [28]. Further research is needed to fully understand how BPC-157 may help treat arrhythmias and related conditions.
• BPC-157 versus bleeding and thrombocytopenia: In a study in rats, the peptide BPC-157 showed potential in controlling excessive bleeding and counteracting low platelet counts, a condition called thrombocytopenia. The study used BPC-157 in rats with tail amputation and showed promising results by reducing bleeding time [29]. This opens up possibilities for BPC-157 to help in conditions where control of bleeding is crucial. The experiment was conducted in rats and we look forward to human studies to confirm these findings.
• BPC-157 and intra-abdominal tightness syndrome: Intra-abdominal tightness syndrome, a severe condition in which pressure builds up in the abdominal cavity, has been shown to be significantly reversed by the administration of BPC-157 in rat studies. This treatment effectively improved blood flow, reducing swelling and congestion in various organs and reversing the deleterious events usually associated with this syndrome. BPC-157 even showed potential in resolving cardiac arrhythmias in these rats [30]. These findings suggest the potential of BPC-157 as a treatment for intra-abdominal tightness syndrome.
• Role of BPC-157 in vascular occlusion and organ dysfunction

BPC-157 showed significant effects against vascular obstruction and organ dysfunction. In the case of vascular obstruction, the peptide promoted the recruitment of collateral vessels that provide blood flow beyond the site of obstruction. This action led to a reduction in hypertension and improvement in ECG abnormalities. The use of BPC-157 also led to the almost complete elimination of venous and arterial thrombosis. Finally, the formulation helped to alleviate lesions and dysfunction in multiple organs [31].

BPC-157 and psychological conditions/neural transmitters

• BPC-157 and depression: The potential antidepressant effect of the gastric pentadecapeptide BPC-157 was tested in two rat models of depression, namely the forced swim test and chronic unpredictable stress [32]. In the forced swimming test, BPC-157 treatment resulted in reduced immobility time, similar to conventional antidepressants. When subjected to a model of chronic unpredictable stress, in which the efficacy of conventional antidepressants often declines, BPC-157 consistently showed antidepressant effects. The conventional antidepressant imipramine typically required a longer period of administration to demonstrate its effect, but BPC-157 reduced immobility after both short-term and long-term treatment.

These findings suggest that BPC-157 may have antidepressant properties, indicating its potential as a therapeutic option for the treatment of depression.

• BPC-157 and serotonin syndrome: Serotonin syndrome is a condition that often occurs due to monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibition and serotonin (5-HT) exposure. In experimental studies with rats, BPC-157 showed significant beneficial effects. It counteracted or did not affect the onset of serotonin syndrome [33]. The beneficial effects were particularly evident in cases of severe serotonin syndrome, where BPC-157 was able to inhibit disorders associated with 5-HT2A receptor stimulation.
• BPC-157 and its anti-anxiety effects: In a study investigating the anti-anxiety or anxiety-reducing effects of BPC-157, the effects of the peptide were compared with those of diazepam [34]. The results showed that rats treated with BPC-157 exhibited a reduced fear response. Moreover, the effects of BPC-157 were different and distinct from those of diazepam, suggesting that it may offer a novel approach to anxiety management.
• Serotonin modulation: BPC-157 modulates serotonin levels in various brain regions [35]. The preparation affects serotonin production in the dorsal thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, reticular black matter and medial frontal olfactory nucleus, which is extremely important for processing sensory information, managing emotions, controlling voluntary movements and our sense of smell. By subtly altering serotonin production in these specific areas, BPC-157 may provide a variety of health benefits.

Role of BPC-157 in drug toxicity or overdose

BPC-157 has shown beneficial effects in counteracting toxicity caused by various drugs and chemicals. Its wide range of protective effects are observed in various preclinical studies, and its use is seen as promising in the management of drug-induced toxicity.

• BPC-157 versus digitalis toxicity: Digitalis toxicity can occur due to overuse of heart disease drugs, leading to complications such as irregular heartbeat. Preclinical studies have shown that BPC-157 therapy can prevent or even reverse this toxicity. In rats, BPC-157 was found to reduce cardiac arrhythmias, shorten the duration of heart block and even counteract complications from drug interactions [36].
• Treatment of hyperkalaemia with BPC-157: Hyperkalaemia refers to abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood, which can lead to serious health complications. BPC-157 therapy has shown promise in treating this condition by preventing arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) and restoring normal heart rhythm [7]. The therapy has also shown its potential in counteracting disorders such as muscle weakness and hypertension caused by hyperkalaemia.
• The role of BPC-157 in counteracting the effects of succinylcholine: Succinylcholine is a neuromuscular blocker often used in anaesthesia that can cause serious adverse effects, including hyperkalaemia, cardiac arrhythmias and muscle spasms. BPC-157 effectively antagonised these effects, showing promising signs as a potential antidote to succinylcholine-induced adverse effects [37].
• BPC-157 in the treatment of furosemide-induced hypokalaemia: Hypokalaemia, a condition where blood potassium levels are too low, can cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias [7]. This condition can be induced by certain drugs, such as furosemide. BPC-157 therapy has been found to prevent arrhythmias associated with hypokalaemia and eliminate fatal outcomes, demonstrating its potential as an effective treatment option.
• BPC-157 vs local anaesthetics: Lidocaine, a local anaesthetic, can cause a number of side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias, convulsions and cell depolarisation [7]. BPC-157 has been shown to counteract these effects, making it a potential antidote to lidocaine-induced complications.
• BPC-157 versus QT interval prolongation: QT interval prolongation is a heart rhythm disorder that can lead to serious cardiac arrhythmias. Certain drugs such as neuroleptics (used to treat psychiatric illnesses) and prokinetics (used for gastric diseases) can cause this prolongation [38]. BPC-157 therapy has shown the ability to counteract this effect, making it a potential treatment for this condition.
• BPC-157 and radiation-induced liver damage: Studies in mice have shown that BPC-157 can help reduce the damage caused to the liver by radiation exposure. After radiation exposure, mice that received oral BPC-157 showed less liver damage than those that did not receive the treatment [39]. This suggests that BPC-157 could potentially be used to protect the liver in people who have to undergo radiotherapy.
• BPC-157 and the harmful side effects of NSAIDs: NSAIDs are a type of drug that can sometimes cause serious side effects such as gastrointestinal and liver damage. Studies have shown that BPC-157 can provide strong protection against these side effects [40]. This means that BPC-157 can be a valuable addition to treatment plans for people who need to take NSAIDs but are concerned about potential side effects.
• BPC-157 and the negative effects of high doses of lithium:High doses of lithium can cause a number of health problems. However, studies in rats suggest that BPC-157 may help reduce these negative effects [41]. This indicates that BPC-157 may be a potentially useful therapy for people who need to take high doses of lithium and are concerned about the associated health risks.
• BPC-157 and liver damage caused by chronic alcohol consumption: Regular heavy alcohol consumption can lead to liver damage and high liver blood pressure. Studies in rats have shown that BPC-157 can help counteract these harmful effects [42]. This suggests that BPC-157 may be a potential therapy for people who have experienced liver damage due to chronic alcohol consumption.
• Cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine: Bupivacaine is a local anaesthetic that can have toxic effects on the heart in high doses. BPC-157 has shown that it can counteract this toxicity, reducing the deleterious cardiac effects and preventing rat deaths from bupivacaine overdose [43]. This suggests that BPC-157 may serve as an antidote to the cardiotoxicity of bupivacaine.
• BPC-157 and the effects of too much magnesium: In rat studies, BPC-157 was found to be effective in reducing the harmful effects of excess magnesium, such as severe muscle weakness and brain lesions [44]. This suggests that BPC-157 may be a potential therapy for people who have experienced the negative effects of too much magnesium.
• BPC-157 a paracetamol overdose: In cases of severe paracetamol (also known as Tylenol) overdose, BPC-157 has shown potential benefits. In animal studies, administration of BPC-157 after a paracetamol overdose helped to prevent or rapidly alleviate convulsions (uncontrolled body tremors) and reduced liver and brain damage. It also helped to reduce levels of some markers signalling liver damage [45].
• BPC-157 a painkiller overdose: BPC-157 has shown potential in counteracting the harmful effects of NSAIDs and painkillers such as paracetamol. These include gastric and liver injury and even brain damage. BPC-157 has been found to mitigate or even eliminate these effects in animal studies. Although the exact mechanisms of action of BPC-157 are not clear, it likely promotes healing and reduces inflammation at the cellular level. Additionally, it reduced behavioural disturbances and weight loss in rats treated with ibuprofen [46].
• BPC-157 versus insulin overdose: Another important advantage of BPC-157 is its ability to deal with the effects of insulin overdose. In animal studies, when BPC-157 was administered immediately after an insulin overdose, it helped prevent fatal outcomes, reduced seizures, minimised liver damage and reduced brain damage. The product also helped to maintain normal blood sugar levels and minimise gastric damage [47].
• BPC-157 versus chronic ibuprofen use: BPC-157 has also shown potential in counteracting the negative effects of long-term ibuprofen use. The protein helped counteract many of the harmful effects associated with chronic ibuprofen use, including liver damage, gastric ulcers and liver swelling. It also helped to minimise the harmful effects of ibuprofen on the brain, such as swelling and nerve cell damage [48].
• BPC-157 and amphetamine-related disorders: In a study with rats, BPC-157 showed promising results in dealing with the behavioural effects of amphetamine. Rats treated with BPC-157 showed reduced abnormal excitability and behaviours typically associated with amphetamine use, suggesting that BPC-157 may help manage the effects of chronic amphetamine use [49].

BPC-157 has demonstrated a wide range of beneficial effects in counteracting the toxicity of various drugs and chemicals. These findings are largely based on preclinical studies and further research is needed to fully understand their potential.

BPC-157: Potential help for gastrointestinal health

• Alleviating inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis:BPC-157 peptide has shown potential benefits for people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and multiple sclerosis (MS), which are chronic, debilitating conditions. According to animal studies, BPC-157 was administered orally or by injection, leading to significant improvements in healing rates of IBD conditions such as colitis. Furthermore, when tested in animals with a simulated form of multiple sclerosis, BPC-157 helped protect areas of the brain from nerve damage, potentially slowing the progression of this disease [50].
• Treatment of short bowel syndrome:Short bowel syndrome is a difficult condition in which the body has difficulty absorbing sufficient nutrients due to inadequate small bowel function. In a study involving rats with this condition, BPC-157 was administered orally or by injection. The results showed that rats treated with BPC-157 experienced not only weight gain (a positive sign in this context), but also an improvement in the overall structure of the remaining intestines [51]. This could potentially indicate that BPC-157 helps the body to better adapt to the loss of the gut and improve nutrient absorption, offering hope to those struggling with this difficult condition.
• Repair of injuries to the cecum (part of the large intestine): For injuries to the cecum, which is an organ at the beginning of the large intestine, BPC-157 is again showing promise. Animal studies suggest that BPC-157 can improve healing by encouraging the growth of new blood vessels in the area, which is an important part of the regeneration process [52]. This could potentially reduce recovery time and improve outcomes for patients who have suffered such injuries.
• Connecting the gut-brain axis:The gut-brain axis is the communication network that connects our digestive tract to the brain. It plays a key role in our overall health and well-being. Interestingly, BPC-157 appears to have a positive effect on this axis. It has been shown to have a range of beneficial effects, from protecting against brain swelling to promoting muscle healing and even improving mood [53]. Its ability to repair damage in both the brain and gut could potentially make it a versatile tool for treating a variety of conditions, including those caused by surgery or certain medications.
• BPC-157 and leaky gut syndrome: BPC-157 has shown potential in protecting stomach cells from the harmful effects of NSAIDs, a popular group of painkillers. It also helps with 'leaky gut syndrome', a condition in which the intestinal lining lets more through than it should and allows harmful substances to enter the bloodstream [54]. Although the exact mechanisms are still under investigation, BPC-157 appears to work by preventing injury to the intestinal lining and reducing its permeability.
• BPC 57 and gastrointestinal fistulas and wounds: BPC-157 has shown potential in supporting the healing of various types of wounds and injuries, including fistulas, abnormal connection between two parts of the body and ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. It appears to do this by promoting and accelerating the body's natural healing processes [55].
• BPC-157 and gastric ulcers: BPC-157 showed impressive results in accelerating the healing of gastric ulcers. Both intramuscular (im) and intragastric (ig) administration of BPC-157 reduced the ulcer area and accelerated the healing process in various ulcer models. BPC-157 treatment resulted in fewer lesions compared to untreated groups, with ulcer inhibition rates ranging from 45.7% to 65.6%. Importantly, BPC-157 helped to rebuild the gastric lining and produce new tissue in chronic gastric ulcers, which are essential steps in wound healing [56].
• BPC-157 and duodenal ulcers:In another experiment, researchers studied the effects of anti-ulcer drugs on duodenal ulcers (the first part of the small intestine) in rats. Regardless of whether the rats underwent certain operations, BPC-157 and other anti-ulcer drugs were effective in preventing duodenal ulcers. However, when the salivary glands were surgically removed, only BPC-157 still showed a protective effect [57]. This means that BPC-157 has a unique protective role, different from other anti-ulcer drugs, and can be effective even after salivary glands have been removed.
• BPC-157 and colonic injury:Studies have shown that BPC-157 and other drugs can significantly reduce colonic injury. In rats with colon injuries, BPC-157 continued to protect the colon even after treatment was discontinued, while other drugs did not show this effect [58]. This suggests that BPC-157 may be a promising treatment for colonic injuries, even long-term ones.
• BPC-157 and lung and gastric injury:In another study, researchers found that BPC-157, along with other anti-ulcer agents, was able to significantly reduce lung and gastric injury in rats. The protective effect of the drugs was better when administered both before and after injury, suggesting a potential role for BPC-157 in the treatment of both lung and gastric injury [59, 60].
• BPC-157 and oesophagitis and sphincter dysfunction:Studies in rats with chronic oesophagitis and dysfunction of the pylorus and lower oesophageal sphincter (the valves that control food entering and leaving the stomach) showed significant improvement after treatment with BPC-157.

The treatment helped to relieve inflammation and normalise sphincter function. It is noteworthy that while ranitidine showed no effect, BPC-157 increased pressure in the lower oesophageal sphincter and decreased it in the pyloric sphincter, indicating improved function [61, 62]. This suggests the potential of BPC-157 in the treatment of oesophagitis and sphincter dysfunction.

• Cytoprotective effects of BPC-157 on gastrointestinal health:A study investigating the protective effects of BPC-157 on cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract showed that BPC-157 was able to reduce GI motility (movement), increase neuronal survival in the GI tract, promote the growth of GI glial cells (neuronal support cells) and regulate the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (a molecule involved in signalling in the gut) [63, 64].

Importantly, BPC-157 did not affect the contractile response to 5-HT or norepinephrine, indicating a specific effect on gastrointestinal motility. These results suggest that BPC-157 may help protect cells in the gastrointestinal tract and could potentially be useful in the treatment of enteric nerve damage and gastrointestinal ulcers [64]. Further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanisms by which BPC-157 exerts these effects.

• Rectovaginal fistulas:A rectovaginal fistula is a serious condition in which there is an abnormal connection between the lower part of the large intestine, the rectum, and the vagina. BPC-157 has shown potential in treating this condition in rats. Rats treated with BPC-157 showed rapid improvement, with healing of both rectal and vaginal defects, increased capacity and no signs of defecation through the fistula. BPC-157 also helped prevent the formation of adhesions and intestinal blockages [65].
• Protection of the stomach and duodenum:In addition to supporting the treatment of gastric ulcers, BPC-157 can also protect the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum) from damage. It also reduces inflammation in these areas. BPC-157 is superior to many standard treatments [66]. These helpful effects may be due to the strong protection that BPC-157 provides to the inner lining of blood vessels.
• Reducing the harmful effects of alcohol on the stomach:When it comes to alcohol-induced damage to the stomach, BPC-157 has a protective effect. Alcohol consumption can lead to many harmful effects, including stomach damage, high blood pressure, brain swelling, organ damage and more. Treatment with BPC-157 was able to rapidly counteract these harmful effects by reducing cerebral oedema, promoting regeneration of a significant vein, reducing organ damage and stimulating certain cellular pathways [67].
• Colonic-cutaneous fistula: A colonic-cutaneous fistula is an abnormal connection between the colon and the skin. In rat studies, BPC-157 was found to have a therapeutic effect on colon-dermal fistulas. It accelerated the healing of the colon and skin, ultimately leading to fistula closure. The benefits of BPC-157 were found to be independent of nitric oxide production, a biological process associated with healing and immune response [68].

Although these results are based on animal studies and are preliminary, they are encouraging. BPC-157 may offer new ways to support and improve gastrointestinal health.

BPC-157 and hepatoprotective properties

• BPC-157 and alcohol-induced liver damage:In the study, liver damage and portal hypertension (elevated blood pressure in the liver) caused by chronic alcohol consumption were effectively alleviated with BPC-157.Rats were given alcohol for 3 months, which caused liver changes and increased portal blood pressure. The administration of BPC-157 significantly improved liver condition, as evidenced by reduced liver cell size, reduced size of nuclei in these cells and lower hepatic steatosis score. In contrast to ranitidine, BPC-157 has shown promise in preventing and reversing alcohol-induced liver damage [69].
• Budd-Chiari syndrome: BPC-157 has been found to help relieve symptoms associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome, a condition that can block blood vessels running from the liver to the heart. This peptide can reduce symptoms such as irregular heart rhythm, which can be a sign of heart failure. What's more, it has created a new pathway for blood flow to bypass blocked areas, reducing pressure in certain veins, the liver and heart, and reducing fluid build-up in the abdominal cavity. It also reduces blood clotting in the veins leading to the liver and heart, which may prevent serious liver and lung disease [70]. It appears that BPC-157 may help maintain a healthy balance of certain biochemicals in the liver during disease. All of this has been tested on rats and not on humans.
• Liver fibrosis and portal hypertension:BPC-157 appears to counteract liver damage and improve liver function in rats suffering from biliary ligation, a condition that can cause liver fibrosis and increased blood pressure in the portal vein. BPC-157 normalised liver enzyme levels, reduced jaundice and abdominal fluid accumulation and improved liver tissue health [71, 72].
• Gastrointestinal and liver damage:BPC-157 has also shown protective effects against gastrointestinal and liver damage. It appears that the way BPC-157 provides this protection may be related to the alpha-adrenergic and central dopaminergic systems - just parts of the body's system that control things like heart rate, vasoconstriction and many other functions [73]. Research suggests that BPC-157 may act by influencing these systems, which may reduce the development of lesions.

BPC-157: New hope for eyes

• BPC-157 and the treatment of glaucoma:Glaucoma is a disease that damages the optic nerve of the eye, often associated with an increase in pressure inside the eye. In a study with rats, BPC-157 showed the potential to normalise eye pressure, an important aspect for people with glaucoma. Whether BPC-157 was administered to rats before or after inducing a glaucoma-like condition, the product immediately normalised eye pressure. It also kept important parts of the eye, such as the optic nerve and retinal blood vessels, healthy [74].
• BPC-157 and corneal damage:BPC-157 has shown impressive potential in healing corneal wounds. The ability of BPC-157 to heal corneal epithelial injuries was tested in rats. The peptide showed a significant effect on accelerating the regeneration of corneal injuries. Healing was dose-dependent, and treated groups completely healed from lesions within 40 to 48 hours after injury, demonstrating the potential of BPC-157 in healing corneal defects [75].
• BPC-157 and retinal blood flow problems:Retinal ischaemia is a condition in which not enough blood flows to the back of the eye, which can cause serious vision problems. Studies have shown that BPC-157 helped repair damage to the layers of the eye and restored them to normal size. It also got rid of retinal injuries, leading to a rapid restoration of the normal background of the eye and the blood vessels that supply the layers of the eye [76]. These studies suggest that BPC-157 may be an excellent treatment for retinal ischaemia.
• BPC-157 a corneal ulceration and transparency:The cornea is the transparent front surface of our eyes. Sometimes injury or ulceration can occur, which can affect vision. In an experiment, researchers made small incisions on the corneas of rats. They found that BPC-157 significantly accelerated the healing process of these cuts, with complete healing occurring between 72 and 96 hours after injury. Furthermore, rats treated with BPC-157 showed formation of new blood vessels and quickly recovered corneal clarity [77]. These findings suggest that BPC-157 may be an effective treatment for corneal injury and may help maintain corneal clarity.

BPC-157 as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent

• BPC-157 and knee pain/arthritis: In a study conducted on knee pain patients, the majority of patients experienced significant relief when treated with BPC-157. The peptide was injected directly into the joint and appeared to help repair injuries, regenerate tissue and reduce the need for knee surgery [78]. These results indicate the potential benefits of BPC-157 in the treatment of various knee or joint conditions, such as arthritis.
• BPC-157 and its analgesic effects: In a study investigating the analgesic abilities of BPC-157, rats with surgical incisions were observed for their pain responses. The results showed that BPC-157 could act as a short-term analgesic by increasing pain thresholds at specific times after incision [79]. This suggests the potential of BPC-157 in relieving pain after surgery or trauma, particularly in the early phase of pain.
• Arthritis, pain, inflammation and gastric protection: BPC-157 has been found to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic (pain relieving) effects. It has been tested on rats with chronic inflammatory conditions such as adjuvant arthritis and gastric problems caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. BPC-157 consistently reduced damage to the stomach and small intestine, and reduced the development of arthritis. The compound also showed long-term benefits, with improvement seen after two weeks and benefits persisting after one year [80]. This suggests that BPC-157 can be used for both immediate relief and long-term treatment of these conditions.

Other potential health benefits of BPC-157

• Bladder-vaginal fistula: Bladder-vaginal fistula is a condition in which there is an abnormal passage between the bladder and the vagina. BPC-157 was able to reverse the effects of delayed healing in this condition in rats by reducing leakage, promoting tissue growth and healing. The drug improved the body's ability to heal fistulas and prevented the formation of stones that could complicate the condition [81].
• Wound healing and collagen organisation: BPC-157 has shown promise in promoting wound healing and early collagen organisation. It stimulates granulation tissue formation, a key part of wound healing, in both diabetic and non-diabetic models. BPC-157 also stimulated the expression of a gene (egr-1) known to increase the production of certain growth factors and proteins necessary for the formation of a structural component of skin and other tissues (collagen) [82].
• Therapy of cystitis: BPC-157 also shows therapeutic potential in cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Cyclophosphamide can cause severe haemorrhagic cystitis, but treatment with BPC-157 significantly reduced these changes and the wet bladder mass increased. BPC-157 also restored leak point pressure, a measure of bladder function, to normal levels, indicating its potential as a treatment option for cystitis [83].
• Pancreatitis: Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. BPC-157 has been studied for its potential in the treatment of acute pancreatitis and related syndromes such as vascular insufficiency and multi-organ failure. The results showed that BPC-157 can help improve condition, reduce inflammation and even reverse venous congestion in cases of acute pancreatitis, improving patient outcomes. In addition, it was found that BPC-157 may be effective in the treatment of oesophagitis and lower oesophageal sphincter insufficiency, two conditions that can occur along with pancreatitis [84].

Summary:

In summary, BPC-157, a naturally occurring protein in the stomach, shows great promise in a variety of health-related areas. Based on animal studies, this peptide has shown the potential to aid recovery from a variety of conditions, counteract the effects of overdosing on substances such as paracetamol and insulin, mitigate the side effects of chronic ibuprofen use and even modulate behavioural responses to substances such as amphetamine. While this wide range of benefits is indeed promising, it is important to remember that these findings are still at an early stage and are mainly based on animal studies. More research, especially human clinical trials, is needed to confirm these benefits, understand the exact mechanisms and determine the optimal dosage for human use. Therefore, although the future of BPC-157 looks promising, it is important to approach its use with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Disclaimer

This article is written to educate and raise awareness of the substance discussed. It is important to note that the substance discussed is a substance and not a specific product. The information contained in the text is based on available scientific studies and is not intended as medical advice or to promote self-medication. The reader is advised to consult a qualified health professional for all health and treatment decisions.

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