Molecular researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences created Selank, a synthetic heptapeptide, in the late 1990s. Selank is a modified version of tuftsin, a tetrapeptide naturally found in our bodies, which consists of the sequence: threonyl-lysine-proline-arginine. Scientists created Selank by attaching the sequence: proline-glycine-proline to the terminal portion (C-terminus) of tuftsin, resulting in the innovative compound we now know as Selank.

What is the Selank peptide?

Selank, a synthetic peptide, is a compound consisting of at least two amino acids linked in a chain being studied for its potential effects on mental and physical health. It was developed by the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is derived from a naturally occurring peptide known as tuftsin. Tuftsin is an immunomodulatory peptide, meaning that it can modulate or influence the immune system. By manipulating the sequence of tuftsin, scientists were able to create Selank. While it has been extensively studied for its anti-anxiety effects, there is also evidence to suggest that Selank can improve cognitive function, relieve stress, modulate the immune system and affect metabolic health.

Furthermore, studies on the formulation have shown its potential effects on several neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine, key to brain function and overall mood regulation. In addition, Selank appears to play a role in modulating the immune system and inflammation.

Of particular interest is that, compared to the parent molecule, tuftsin, the addition of a proline-glycine-proline sequence to form Selank enhanced its activity in the serotonergic system, which is integral to the regulation of mood and anxiety. This enhancement highlights the potential therapeutic utility of the formulation.

Selank: forms of administration

Selank is available in several forms of application. The form chosen may depend on factors such as convenience, method of absorption and personal preference.

• Nasal solution: Nasal drops are a popular route of administration. They are often used in the original forms of peptide preparation.
• Nasal spray: Nasal spray is another popular form of administration. It is considered more user-friendly than nasal drops as it does not require tilting the head during administration. The spray also covers a larger area of the mucosa, potentially increasing the absorption of the compound.
• Subcutaneous injection: This form of Selank carries greater risks, including counterfeiting and non-sterile conditions. Although it bypasses natural barriers by injection, it carries significant risks. Therefore, intranasal administration is usually recommended due to rapid absorption and high bioavailability.

Health benefits of Selank peptide

Selank is under investigation for its various physiological and psychological effects. The potential therapeutic benefits of Selank cover many aspects. These include mental health, immune regulation, gastrointestinal wellbeing, metabolic syndrome management, liver and cardiovascular health, as well as potential antiviral and anticancer effects. The potential health benefits of Selank are as follows:

Nootropic potential of the SELANK peptide: improving memory and cognitive function

Numerous studies on the preparation have shown positive effects on cognitive performance and memory. The formulation alleviates cognitive impairment, upregulates the neurotrophic factor BDNF and improves learning ability. The following studies have highlighted Selank's potential benefits in improving learning and memory function, signalling its promising nootropic properties.

In a study by Kolik, L. G. et al. the researchers evaluated the potential of the formulation in alleviating memory impairment and changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats. The results showed that Selank had a stimulatory effect on cognitive function, particularly in alleviating memory and attention impairment caused by ethanol withdrawal. In addition, Selank inhibited the increase in BDNF levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. These findings indicate that Selank may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of memory disorders and cognitive impairment [1]. Kozlovskii, I. I., & Danchev, N. D. studied the effects of Selank on learning and memory processes in rats with poor learning abilities. They found that Selank significantly improved learning, and the effect was evident after the initial dose. The effect of the peptide increased with each subsequent administration, reducing the number of errors and increasing the number of correct solutions. These results suggest that Selank may improve memory, especially under conditions of heightened emotional tension [2].

Furthermore, Semenova, T. P. et al. conducted a study to assess the effects of preaparate on learning, memory and attention in Wistar rats. They found that Selank restored cognitive functions impaired due to chronic artificial suppression of the brain's catecholaminergic system. They suggested the potential of Selank in repairing cognitive processes damaged by inhibition of the catecholaminergic system [3]. Moreover,Semenova, T. P. et al. found that Selank activates serotonin metabolism and increases the stability of memory traces for up to 30 days. They found that Selank injection during the consolidation phase can enhance memory storage processes. The nootropic activity of Selank appears to be closely related to its pronounced effects on the levels of serotonin and its metabolites in the brain, marking it as a potential cognitive enhancer [4]. In another study, Selank was administered to rats whose learning skills were being tested. Interestingly, the researchers observed that even after a single dose, Selank significantly improved learning ability, especially in rats that initially had low learning ability. The positive effects increased over time, increasing the number of correct responses and reducing the number of errors during the task [5]. The findings suggest that Selank has the potential to improve memory function, particularly under stressful conditions.

In addition, Selank was found to counteract memory dysfunction induced by actinomycin D, a substance that inhibits protein synthesis [6]. Actinomycin D has been shown to interfere with the development of the complex place reflex in rats, a model of learning and memory. However, when the researchers administered Selank, it effectively alleviated these memory disruptions and even reduced the time it took the rats to learn a new task. This highlights the potential of Selank in restoring impaired learning processes and possibly compensating for memory-related disorders. Furthermore, Selank has also shown efficacy against memory and learning disorders caused by damage to the noradrenergic (NA) system in the brain [7]. The NA system is a key component of the brain involved in regulating attention and responses to stress and panic. Damage to this system can lead to difficulties in learning and memory. When Selank was administered in such cases, it helped to recover these impaired cognitive functions. This highlights the potential therapeutic role of the preparation in alleviating learning and memory impairments caused by damage to the NA system.

Based on the above studies, it is clear that Selank is a promising nootropic agent, especially in the area of improving memory and cognitive function.

Modulation of gene expression by Selank peptide: including immunomodulation

Selank has shown significant effects on the expression of genes related to neurotransmission and immune response. It influences certain responses in our body, potentially leading to improved health.

An animal study showed that Selank and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a substance known for its calming effects on the brain, caused significant changes in the expression of several genes. These genes were involved in neurotransmission, the process by which nerve cells communicate in the frontal cortex area. Moreover, these changes were found to be most pronounced one hour after Selanide or GABA administration, suggesting a potentially common mechanism of action between these substances. Interestingly, of the 84 genes, Selank significantly altered the expression of 67 genes. These findings suggest the potential use of Selank in the treatment of neurotransmission-related disorders such as anxiety and depression [8]. In another study, Selank was tested for its interaction with the GABAergic system and a drug called olanzapine in neuroblastoma cells - a type of cancer cell. Interestingly, the study showed that Selank could alter the interaction of GABA with its receptors and enhance the effect of olanzapine on gene expression. However, on its own, it did not alter the mRNA levels of the genes of the GABAergic system. The result suggests that Selank may enhance the effects of these drugs, possibly indicating a synergistic relationship [9].

Furthermore, a study in mice showed that Selank and its short fragment, Gly-Pro, affected the expression of genes associated with the immune response. Both Selank and Gly-Pro fragments significantly affected the expression of several inflammation-related genes in the spleen, suggesting their potential use in modulating the immune response [10]. Another study in mice showed that Selank and its fragments significantly altered the expression of 34 inflammation-related genes. One of the genes, Bcl6, plays a key role in the development of the immune system. The changes in gene expression suggest that Selank may regulate inflammation in the body [11].

Interestingly, Selank was found to have a greater effect on gene expression in the spleen than in the hippocampus (part of the brain). Some of the genes affected by Selank play a significant role in a number of biological processes, including signal transduction, maintenance of cytoplasm viscosity and elasticity and regulation of inflammation. These findings highlight the complex biological effects of Selank and may help regulate a variety of bodily processes, including immunity and inflammation [12].

Studies have also demonstrated an immunomodulatory effect of the preparation, showing changes in gene expression of chemokines, cytokines and their receptors in the spleen of mice. Chemokines and cytokines are proteins that play a key role in immune responses. Significant changes in gene expression were observed following administration. These changes were most noticeable six and 24 hours after a single dose of Selank. These findings indicate the potential of Selank as a modulator of the immune system [13].

In another study, researchers found a significant effect of the preparation on genes in the hippocampus region. The hippocampus plays a key role in memory and learning. Selank significantly altered the activity of 36 genes once or more. Multiple doses led to similar changes in 20 genes, most of which are involved in the production of proteins associated with the outer layer of the cell, called the plasma membrane. Researchers have suggested that Selank may help regulate the balance of ions (charged particles) in brain cells, affecting various processes related to memory and learning [14]. Furthermore, one study examined the effect of the product on the immune system of patients with depression. They found that Selank could completely suppress interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene activity in the blood of depressed patients, but not in healthy individuals. As a result, they observed remarkable changes in the balance of immune response proteins (interleukin-6) and the body's resistance to stress. They concluded that Selank may act as an immunomodulator in patients with depression or anxiety disorders due to its cytokine-regulating effects [15].

In the study, the researchers created a stressful social environment for the rats and observed a significant increase in certain pro-inflammatory cytokines under stressful conditions. Selank administration for 20 days reduced levels of various pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. They suggested that Selank could potentially help reduce the release/production of some pro-inflammatory cytokines by managing stress-related inflammation [16].

Based on these studies, Selank shows promising potential in several health-related areas, including neurotransmission, immune system modulation and inflammation regulation. However, further studies, particularly in humans, are needed to better understand the therapeutic potential of the formulation.

The role of Selank peptide in alleviating anxiety and improving mental health

Selank's potential impact on mental health, particularly its anti-anxiety and cognitive-enhancing effects, has been highlighted in numerous scientific studies discussed below.

Studies have shown a significant interaction of Selank with GABA receptors, which are associated with anxiety. Studies have shown that Selank can modify the activity of these receptors, acting as a 'positive allosteric modulator'. This means that it can enhance receptor function, helping brain cells to better respond to signals related to stress and anxiety. Interestingly, when combined with certain drugs (such as benzodiazepines), Selank has a unique effect, suggesting that it may offer a new approach to treating anxiety disorders [17]. In another study, researchers looked at the effects of the formulation, alone and in combination with the popular anti-anxiety drug Diazepam, on rats experiencing chronic stress. Both Selank and Diazepam reduced anxiety levels. However, a combination of the two proved most effective. The researcher suggested that Selank may be a useful adjunct to traditional drugs in the treatment of chronic stress-induced anxiety [18].

Furthermore, the comparative study assessed the efficacy and side effects of a treatment including Selank and fenazepam, an anti-anxiety drug, in patients with various anxiety disorders. The researchers found that adding Selank to fenazepam treatment led to a faster positive effect, and also reduced some of the adverse side effects associated with fenazepam. The reduction in side effects, combined with the positive therapeutic effect, led to an overall improvement in patient quality of life [19]. Furthermore, the researchers found that patients with generalised anxiety disorder had low levels of enkephalin, a natural substance in our body that helps us cope with pain and stress. Interestingly, these levels increased with the administration of Selanide. When tested, they discovered that Selank inhibits the breakdown of enkephalin by the enzyme enkephalinase, thus potentially increasing the body's ability to cope with stress and anxiety [20]. These findings point to the potential use of the formulation in the management of mental health conditions, particularly stress and anxiety.

Another study comparing Selank and phenazepam in the treatment of phobic anxiety and somatoform disorders showed that Selank had a significant anti-anxiety effect and a mild cognitive enhancing effect. Importantly, Selank's anti-anxiety effects persisted for one week after the last dose and also improved patients' quality of life [21]. Selank has also shown promising results in the treatment of generalised anxiety syndrome (GAD) and neurasthenia, a condition characterised by chronic fatigue and weakness. In a study by Zozulia, A. A. et al. the effects of Selank were compared with those of Medazepam, a commonly used benzodiazepine, in 62 patients diagnosed with these conditions. It is noteworthy that Selank not only reduced anxiety, but also showed additional benefits such as fatigue reduction and a stimulating effect on the mind [22]. Interestingly, the study also monitored patients' leu-enkephalin tau(1/2) levels, a compound related to endorphin activity. Patients with GAD and neurasthenia showed lower levels of this compound. However, these levels increased during administration, indicating that Selank may have a positive effect on this endorphin-related compound. This increase was particularly noticeable in patients with GAD [22].

Further research into its effects looked at its effects on inhibitory synaptic transmission in a part of the brain crucial for memory and learning [23]. The researcher suggested that Selank (along with another peptide, Noopept) may improve brain function and alleviate anxiety by enhancing the activity of certain inhibitory nerve cells in the brain [23]. Another noteworthy study analysed the effects of Selank TP-7 on anxiety and body weight in rats. The researchers found that Selank TP-7 showed long-term anxiety-reducing effects without causing changes in body weight [24]. In addition, Selank TP-7 also improved learning and memory. These findings further support the potential of peptide-based therapies in managing anxiety and cognitive function. In addition, Selank showed promising results in reducing alcohol withdrawal symptoms. A study with rats showed that a single injection was effective in alleviating anxiety symptoms induced by acute alcohol withdrawal [25]. It also prevented the development of pain resulting from stimuli that do not normally cause pain, a condition known as mechanical allodynia, unaffected by alcohol consumption [25] [26]

These potential results of Selank and related peptide-based substances show potential in the treatment of anxiety and other related disorders. Their ability to modulate the body's natural systems and alleviate symptoms indicates the potential for therapeutic applications.

Gastrointestinal benefits of Selank peptide

Studies have shown beneficial effects of the formulation on the gastrointestinal tract. This is linked to the potential gastrointestinal health benefits discussed below.

In the study, the researchers tested the anti-ulcer properties of Selank and its metabolites. Using three different ulcer models, the study showed that Selank and its metabolites were able to reduce the size and severity of ulcers. One metabolite called tripeptide TKP was particularly effective against stress ulcers, while dipeptide GP showed a strong protective effect. The RP dipeptide also showed some potential in reducing the severity of ethanol-induced ulcers. In a study, Selank and its metabolites were found to be effective in improving ulcers by maintaining normal blood and lymphatic circulation in the stomach lining, protecting against ulcers [27]. In another study, the researchers further showed that Selank and its metabolites significantly reduced the total ulcer area, especially in ethanol- and stress-induced ulcer models. Furthermore, chronic administration of Selank and its derivatives resulted in smaller ulcer sizes and fewer perforations compared to the control group, suggesting their potential as therapeutic agents for ulcers [28].

Selank was also studied for its potential effects on stress-induced conditions in the colon. Stress can lead to inflammation and other changes in the colon, but the researchers found that Selank was able to reduce these negative effects. Specifically, Selank administration resulted in lower levels of corticosterone, a stress hormone, and improved signs of stress exposure in the colon [29]. Another study looked at the effects of Selanide on the gut microbiota of rats under chronic stress. Stress can lead to an imbalance in the gut microbiota, with a reduction in beneficial microorganisms and an increase in harmful ones. However, Selanide administration helped to rebalance the gut microbiota, probably through its effects on the nervous system (neurotropic) and the immune system (immunotropic) [30].

In addition, Selank has been found to help maintain normal blood flow in the stomach, even when it is reduced by anti-inflammatory drugs. It also enhanced the contraction of lymphatic vessels, which help carry lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body. This ability of Selank to maintain proper blood and lymph flow may be a key mechanism behind its anti-ulcer properties [31]. Based on these findings, Selank appears to have several potential benefits for gastrointestinal health, including protection against ulcers, reducing stress-related inflammation in the colon, rebalancing the gut microbiota and promoting adequate blood and lymph flow.

Potential of Selank peptide in brain health and neuronal activity

Studies have shown the potential effects of Selank on brain health and neuronal activity, indicating its potential use in the treatment of various brain-related disorders. Studies in rats showed that Selank increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA levels by up to twofold, particularly in the rats' hippocampus. Notably, BDNF protein is essential for brain function and the survival of neurons (brain cells). These findings suggest that Selank may regulate BDNF levels in the hippocampus by influencing central nervous system (CNS) processes, possibly by affecting the expression of certain genes, in particular the BDNF gene [32]. Furthermore, another study showed that Selank TP-7 and taftcin peptide reduced the perception of stressful situations and increased the stability of exploratory behaviour in rats. It also helped normalise serotonin levels in the brain, which plays a key role in mood regulation. Importantly, TP-7 was observed to have a more potent effect than taftcin peptide [33].

Furthermore, studies in mice have shown that Selank reduces behavioural symptoms of the dopaminergic system in mice. Dopamine is a type of neurotransmitter, a chemical that transmits signals in the brain. These findings indicate that Selank may alleviate behavioural symptoms associated with the brain's dopamine system. Interestingly, Selank's effect appeared to involve the opioid system (the part of the brain that helps regulate pain, reward and addictive behaviour) [34]. Another study in rats showed that Selank can increase serotonin metabolism, particularly in the brainstem. This may be important for disorders associated with decreased serotonin metabolism, a process critical to maintaining mood balance [35].

Importantly, the study found that Selank could potentially modulate functional brain connectivity, which refers to how different areas of the brain communicate with each other. They found that Selank specifically modulates the connection between the right amygdala and right temporal cortex in the brain, affecting cognitive and emotional processes [36]. Selank has also been studied for its effects on ethanol-induced hyperlocomotion and behavioural sensitisation in mice. It was found that Selank could prevent the development of ethanol-induced hyperlocomotion, similar to naIoxone, a non-selective opiate receptor blocker [37]. These findings suggest that Selank has the potential to help manage behavioural changes associated with alcohol use.

In addition, the effects of Selank on behaviour and brain serotonin/noradrenergic concentrations were investigated in adult rats exposed to hypoxia (oxygen deprivation). The results showed that Selank significantly improved the rats' sensory attention and learning ability, normalised their exploratory activity and balanced the activity of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the brain [38, 39]. Furthermore, Selank was tested on rats with conditions similar to Parkinson's disease, which is a serious brain disorder characterised by the gradual loss of certain neurons in the brain. Although Selank did not affect the overall movement of the rats or their general behaviour, it reduced anxiety levels in rats with damaged neurons, suggesting a potentially positive effect on mental health [40].

The researchers also assessed the effect of the formulation on the experience of withdrawal symptoms in morphine dependence. In animal studies, a single injection of Selank reduced the overall rate of morphine withdrawal symptoms by almost 40%, significantly reducing seizure reactions, drooping eyelids and postural disturbances. Although Selank was not as effective as diazepam (a drug often used for similar symptoms), it helped alleviate morphine withdrawal symptoms, suggesting its potential usefulness in treating withdrawal symptoms [41]. In another study, researchers assessed the effects of Selanide on depressive symptoms in rats and mice. They found that the preparation in high doses counteracted depressive symptoms in rats, reducing both feelings of helplessness and loss of pleasure in activities (anhedonia). A single low-dose injection of Selank also reduced the duration of inactivity in the mouse swim test. These results suggest that Selank may have antidepressant properties [42].

Furthermore, in a study in mice, researchers found that the anxiety-reducing effects of the formulation may vary between strains of mice, potentially due to differences in their stress responses. The results showed that Selank had different effects on the levels of certain brain chemicals involved in mood regulation, depending on the strain of mice [43]. In another study, the effect of Selank was tested in a rat model of intracerebral haemorrhage (bleeding in the brain). Although Selank did not affect the volume of bleeding or surrounding brain swelling, it contributed to functional improvement in rats, without affecting the volume of bleeding or surrounding swelling [44].

The above studies indicate that Selank appears to have potential benefits for brain health and neuronal activity, including reducing anxiety and depression, and aiding recovery from brain injury and morphine withdrawal. However, these results are scant and further research is needed to confirm these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms.

Effects of the formula on emotional well-being and stress

Several studies have investigated the effects of Selank on stress levels and emotional wellbeing. In one study, ten peptide compounds, including Selank, all from the tuftsin family, were tested on male laboratory rats and mice. The results showed that these peptides, including Selank, increased resistance to stress and promoted emotional wellbeing. This suggests the potential of Selank and similar peptides in supporting stress coping and improving emotional health [45, 46].  In another study, the researchers observed that Selank induced lasting changes in the animals' behaviour, such as reduced fear and aggression and increased exploratory activity. Importantly, it also improved memory processes and stabilised physiological parameters. The observed anti-stress effects suggest the potential use of Selank in the treatment of various psycho-emotional disorders, including those similar to anxiety and depression [47].

In a separate study, researchers examined the effects of Selank on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in mice exhibiting various emotional and stress responses. The researchers found that Selank prolongs the plasma half-life of leu-enkephalin and exhibits anti-anxiety properties. Selank's anti-anxiety effects could potentially be related to its ability to inhibit enzymes that degrade enkephalin. Despite these findings, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind the anxiety-reducing effects of Selank [48]. In summary, these studies suggest that Selank has the potential to improve emotional health, reduce stress and alleviate anxiety.

Effect of Selank peptide on metabolic parameters

Selank has shown significant potential against metabolic syndrome. A study in rats on a high-fat diet showed significant improvements in markers of metabolic syndrome following Selank administration [49]. Selank-treated rats showed reduced levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, effectively keeping them within normal ranges. Furthermore, Selank appeared to increase the blood's ability to prevent blood clots and helped the rats maintain their initial weight throughout the experiment, suggesting that it could potentially prevent fat accumulation.

Selank and liver health

Stress can lead to severe liver damage and serious health consequences. However, recent research suggests that Selank may have a protective effect. When researchers administered Selank to male Wistar rats, they observed a reduction in liver damage caused by chronic, extreme stress. Administration resulted in significantly less liver cell swelling, changes in cell nucleus and cytoplasm size, less localised cell death and fewer immune cells moving into the liver. The optimal stress-reducing effect was observed at a dose of 300 μg/kg Selank [50].

In addition to alleviating physical damage, Selank appears to enhance the liver's antioxidant defence under stress. In the study, Selank was found to reduce blood levels of aminotransferase (a liver enzyme), reduce the activity of a stress-fighting enzyme called superoxide dismutase in the liver and increase total antioxidant activity. Even with prolonged stress, all doses of Selank reduced the activity of superoxide dismutase and the concentration of a harmful substance called malondialdehyde in the liver, along with the activity of another liver enzyme in the blood called aspartate aminotransferase (AST). These findings indicate that Selank can be used to treat liver problems caused by stress [51].

Selank and cardiovascular health

The cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels, is crucial to maintaining overall health. Studies have shown that Selank has significant effects on certain cardiovascular functions, such as blood pressure and cerebral blood flow. In a study of the effects of Selank on certain physical parameters in sedated male cats, significant changes in arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow were observed. After administration, the cats' arterial pressure decreased significantly and their cerebral blood flow increased [52]. However, Selank did not alter the cats' heart rate, respiratory rate or response to a chemical called acetylcholine [52].

In another study, researchers found that Selank had a strong blood-thinning effect. It altered various factors such as reaction time, time required to form a clot, largest clot size, clot formation rate, total largest clot size and clot stiffness, all in favour of reducing blood clotting compared to what was observed without Selank [53].

Overall, these studies suggest that Selank has the potential to help manage metabolic syndrome, reduce liver damage, enhance liver defences against damage, control heart and blood vessel function and prevent blood clotting. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to verify these findings and understand the exact mechanisms by which Selank exerts these effects.

Selank as an antiviral agent

Along with the immunomodulatory activity of the formulation, the researchers conducted an in-depth study to investigate the antiviral capabilities of Selanku, in particular against influenza A/Aichi 2/68 (H3N2) virus strain [54]. They used both laboratory (in vitro) and animal (in vivo) approaches to gain a comprehensive understanding of the formulation's action. Their results were impressive. When Selank was introduced into laboratory cell cultures the day before the virus, it effectively inhibited virus replication, indicating its potential as a preventative agent. Furthermore, Selank was observed to stimulate the expression of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) genes, an important part of our immune response to viruses. Importantly, it was able to do this without affecting the expression of other immune factors, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 or tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Because Selank is based on an endogenous peptide, a type of molecule that occurs naturally in the body and does not appear to exhibit negative effects, it stands out as a particularly promising candidate for further research. The potential use of the formulation in antiviral therapies opens up exciting possibilities in the field of medical research [54].

Antitumour activity of the Selank peptide

Studies have also investigated the potential anticancer activity of Selank. A study conducted on female mice with spontaneous mammary tumours showed that Selank could affect tumour growth, lifespan of the subjects and tumour regression [55]. The following effects were observed:

• Impact on tumour growth: Tumour size increased fourfold in the control group. However, in the groups treated with Selank and other peptides, the increase in tumour size was much smaller. With Selank, tumour size increased only 2.1-fold. Interestingly, a reduction in tumour size was observed in a third of Selank-treated mice, indicating an inhibitory effect on tumour growth.
• Impact on life expectancy: Selank and other peptides increased the lifespan of 53-70% mice compared to the control group. This means that these mice lived four to six months longer than mice in the control group.

The findings revealed that Selank can inhibit tumour growth by modulating the immune system, rather than directly attacking cancer cells. The researchers concluded that Selank, along with other peptides, may hold promise for future research to develop new treatments for breast cancer.

Dosage guidelines for SELANK peptide

Selank is a peptide available in powder form, usually administered intranasally. A single dose of Selank is usually two sprays from an atomiser, providing a convenient and discreet alternative to injectable peptides. The effect of Selank usually starts about fifteen minutes after administration.

A single packet of Selank usually gives an average of about 70 sprays. Selank can be taken cyclically or as needed. For optimal results, the product should be taken several times a day, preferably three times, due to its short duration of action. The full benefits of Selank usually appear after about 14 days of consistent use.

The most common recommended doses are between 300-2000 mcg Selank per day. This can be divided into three separate administrations throughout the day: morning, afternoon and evening. The preparation can also be taken as a single dose before bedtime. Continuous use of Selank for more than two weeks is not recommended. There should be a 1-3 week break between cycles.

Pharmacokinetics of the intranasal peptide Selank

After administration through the nasal mucosa, Selank has a high bioavailability of 92.8%, with detectable levels appearing in the bloodstream within 30 seconds of administration. The half-life of Selank is only a few minutes, after which it becomes almost undetectable in the blood. However, the effects of the product persist for several hours.

Precautions, drug interactions and side effects

Although Selank is generally well tolerated and perceived as safe, there are a few potential concerns to be aware of.

Selank is usually safe for most people, but people with a heightened sense of taste and smell may experience some discomfort. There is also a minimal risk of allergic reactions. There are currently no reports of Selank overdose.

In terms of drug interactions, Selank has no serious interactions with other psychoactive drugs. However, its therapeutic properties may increase the effectiveness of other drugs over time, which may require dosage adjustments. It is also recommended to avoid use during pregnancy and breastfeeding without medical consultation.

Selank review - based on research since development

Selank, a synthetic peptide, a tuftsin derivative, has made a significant impact in the field of medical research due to its large number of physiological and psychological effects. According to a review of the scientific literature, the potential therapeutic benefits of Selank are multifaceted, including in areas such as mental health, immune modulation, gastrointestinal health, metabolic syndrome, liver health, cardiovascular health and even antiviral and anticancer effects. It should be noted that while the experimental evidence supporting these possibilities is sound, further research and human trials are still needed to establish Selank as a standard treatment for these conditions.

Numerous studies have highlighted the formulation's potential role in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions. Evidence suggests that Selank can improve cognitive functions such as memory and learning, as well as support neuroplasticity, the brain's ability to adapt to new information and experiences. These potential benefits may be particularly useful for diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that Selank has anti-anxiety effects, which may help treat anxiety disorders.

The immunoregulatory properties of Selank have been reported in many studies. The peptide appears to control the immune system response to infection and disease by affecting cytokine production and overall immune function. It appears to be particularly effective in suppressing overactive immune responses leading to autoimmune disorders, suggesting a potential therapeutic benefit in such cases.

In addition, research into Selank's potential to improve emotional wellbeing and reduce stress levels is promising. The peptide appears to promote stress resistance, modulate emotional responses and promote behaviours indicative of reduced fear and aggression in animals. These effects suggest that Selank may hold promise for the treatment of psycho-emotional disorders, including conditions associated with stress, anxiety and depression.

Studies have also shown a role for Selank peptide in the treatment of metabolic syndrome by improving parameters such as cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The product also appears to affect cardiovascular function, suggesting potential benefits for cardiovascular health. Researchers report that Selank may exert a blood-thinning effect and influence factors such as blood pressure and cerebral blood flow.

Furthermore, Selank shows potential in reducing stress-induced liver damage. Studies have shown that it reduces inflammation and supports the liver's antioxidant defence system. These findings point to possible applications in the treatment of liver disease and conditions worsened by stress.

Preliminary studies have also looked at the antiviral properties of the preparation, particularly against the influenza A virus strain. It appears to inhibit viral replication and stimulate immune responses crucial to infectious agents such as viruses. In addition, Selank appears to slow tumour growth and extend the lifespan of animals with spontaneous mammary tumours, indicating potential anti-tumour activity.

In conclusion, despite the promising results of the current studies, it is important to note that most of them have been conducted on animals or in vitro. Encouraging experimental data warrant extensive human clinical trials to comprehensively understand the safety, efficacy and pathways of action of the formulation.

Disclaimer

This article is written to educate and raise awareness of the substance discussed. It is important to note that the substance discussed is a substance and not a specific product. The information contained in the text is based on available scientific studies and is not intended as medical advice or to promote self-medication. The reader is advised to consult a qualified health professional for all health and treatment decisions.

Sources:

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